Pride is a self-conscious emotion, comprised of two distinct facets known as authentic and hubristic pride, and associated with a cross-culturally recognized nonverbal expression. Authentic pride involves feelings of accomplishment and confidence and promotes prosocial behaviors, whereas hubristic pride involves feelings of arrogance and conceit and promotes antisociality. Each facet of pride, we argue, contributes to a distinct means of attaining social rank: Authentic pride seems to promote prestige—a rank based on earned respect—whereas hubristic pride seems to promote dominance—a rank based on aggression and coercion. Both prestige and dominance are effective routes to power and influence in human groups, so both facets of pride are likely to be functional adaptations. Overall, the reviewed research suggests that pride is likely to be a human universal, critical for social relationships and rank attainment across human societies.

中文翻译：

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骄傲：获得社会等级的情感基础


骄傲是一种自我意识的情绪，由两个不同的方面组成，称为真实的骄傲和傲慢的骄傲，并与跨文化认可的非语言表达相关联。真正的自豪感涉及成就感和自信，并促进亲社会行为，而傲慢的骄傲涉及傲慢和自负的感觉，并促进反社会性。我们认为，骄傲的每一个方面都有助于获得社会等级的独特方式：真正的骄傲似乎促进了声望——一种基于赢得尊重的等级——而傲慢的骄傲似乎促进了支配地位——一种基于侵略和胁迫的等级。声望和支配地位都是在人类群体中获得权力和影响力的有效途径，因此自豪感的两个方面都可能是功能性适应。总体而言，回顾性的研究表明，自豪感可能是人类的普遍现象，对整个人类社会的社会关系和等级获得至关重要。