Graphene oxide (GO) was initially developed to emulate graphene, but it was soon recognized as a functional material in its own right, addressing an application space that is not accessible to graphene and other carbon materials. Over the past decade, research on GO has made tremendous advances in material synthesis and property tailoring. These, in turn, have led to rapid progress in GO-based photonics, electronics and optoelectronics, paving the way for technological breakthroughs with exceptional performance. In this Review, we provide an overview of the optical, electrical and optoelectronic properties of GO and reduced GO on the basis of their chemical structures and fabrication approaches, together with their applications in key technologies such as solar energy harvesting, energy storage, medical diagnosis, image display and optical communications. We also discuss the challenges of this field, together with exciting opportunities for future technological advances.

氧化石墨烯 (GO) 最初是为了模仿石墨烯而开发的，但很快就被认为是一种功能性材料，它解决了石墨烯和其他碳材料无法进入的应用领域。在过去的十年中，GO 的研究在材料合成和性能定制方面取得了巨大进步。这些反过来又导致了基于 GO 的光子学、电子学和光电子学的快速发展，为技术突破和卓越性能铺平了道路。在这篇综述中，我们基于 GO 和还原 GO 的化学结构和制备方法，概述了 GO 和还原 GO 的光学、电学和光电特性，以及它们在太阳能收集、储能、医学诊断等关键技术中的应用, 图像显示和光通信。我们还讨论了这一领域的挑战，以及未来技术进步的激动人心的机会。