Antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistant genes have becoming one of major environmental pollutants, which lead to the increased potential risk to human health and ecological safety. Additionally, bacterial surface biofouling has caused severe problems in a range of industries, which results in considerable economic losses and even the ecological unbalance of a local environment. Therefore, alternative antimicrobial and antifouling strategies different to traditions methods are urgently needed. Nanozymes (nanomaterials with enzyme-mimicking activities)-based antibacterial and antifouling agents has drawn considerable interests owing to their intrinsic high stability and excellent environmental adaptability. In view of the great advancement of nanozymes in environmentally antibacterial and antifouling applications, we briefly summarize the classification of nanozymes relevant to environmental applications and discuss their catalytic mechanism. We also cover the regulation strategies of nanozymes activity, including tuning the intrinsic physicochemical properties of nanomaterials and changing environmental factors. Moreover, we highlight the environmental applications of nanozymes as antimicrobial and antifouling agents, especially for water treatment. Finally, the future opportunities and challenges for the advancement of nanozymes are outlined and discussed. This review not only gives the overview of the recent research of nanozymes as antimicrobial and antifouling agents for environmental applications, but also provides an important guidance for designing nanozymes.

抗生素耐药菌和抗生素耐药基因已成为主要的环境污染物之一，导致人类健康和生态安全的潜在风险增加。此外，细菌表面生物污垢已经在一系列行业中造成严重问题，导致相当大的经济损失，甚至导致当地环境的生态失衡。因此，迫切需要不同于传统方法的替代抗菌和防污策略。基于纳米酶（具有模拟酶活性的纳米材料）的抗菌和防污剂由于其固有的高稳定性和优异的环境适应性而引起了人们的广泛关注。鉴于纳米酶在环境抗菌防污应用方面的巨大进步，我们简要总结了与环境应用相关的纳米酶的分类，并讨论了它们的催化机制。我们还介绍了纳米酶活性的调控策略，包括调整纳米材料的固有物理化学性质和不断变化的环境因素。此外，我们强调了纳米酶作为抗菌剂和防污剂的环境应用，尤其是在水处理方面。最后，概述和讨论了纳米酶发展的未来机遇和挑战。这篇综述不仅概述了纳米酶作为环境应用的抗菌和防污剂的最新研究，而且还为设计纳米酶提供了重要指导。