Sustainable Vanillin-Based Epoxy Resin with Excellent Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties,ACS Applied Polymer Materials

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Sustainable Vanillin-Based Epoxy Resin with Excellent Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties
ACS Applied Polymer Materials ( IF 4.4 ) Pub Date : 2023-01-13 , DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c01863
Maoyong Zhi _{1,

2} , Xiong Yang ₁ , Rong Fan ₁ , Shan Yue ₁ , Lingling Zheng ₁ , Quanyi Liu _{1,

2} , Yuanhua He _{1,

2}

Affiliation

Nowadays, traditional petroleum-based diglyceryl ether of bisphenol A epoxy resins (DGEBA) have prominent problems such as nonrenewable raw materials, flammability, and poor toughness. Herein, a vanillin-based epoxy resin (VH-HDA-EP) containing a rigid Schiff base structure and flexible alkane segment was synthesized from vanillin, 1,6-hexanediamine, and epichlorohydrin through a facile and highly efficient method, and it was cured with 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) to prepare VH-HDA-EP/DDM thermosets. Curing kinetics analysis demonstrated that the activation energy of VH-HDA-EP was much higher than that of DGEBA. Thermogravimetric analyses illustrated that the char yield of VH-HDA-EP/DDM was 30.8 wt % at a nitrogen atmosphere, which was nearly two times that of DGEBA/DDM (17.9 wt %). Moreover, VH-HDA-EP/DDM obtained a limiting oxygen index as high as 38.5% and passed the UL-94 V-0 rating test. Compared with DGEBA/DDM, the total heat release, total smoke production, and maximal smoke density of VH-HDA-EP/DDM were significantly reduced by 45.1, 73.4, and 36.2%, respectively. The char residue analysis results revealed that the Schiff base structure of VH-HDA-EP/DDM could contribute to the formation of continuous and dense char residues in the condensed phase. The storage modulus and glass transition temperature of VH-HDA-EP/DDM were 2821 MPa and 186 °C, which were higher than those of DGEBA/DDM (1990 MPa and 168 °C). The tensile strength and elongation at break of VH-HDA-EP/DDM were 55.6 MPa and 8.3%, respectively, and it showed obvious strain strengthening characteristic. Furthermore, the enhancement mechanism of flame retardancy and mechanical properties was proposed, which is mainly due to the complementary effect of the rigid Schiff base structure and flexible alkane segment. This work provides insights for preparing high-performance bio-based epoxy resins with excellent flame retardancy and mechanical properties.

中文翻译：

具有优异阻燃性和机械性能的可持续香兰素基环氧树脂

目前，传统的石油基双甘油醚双酚A环氧树脂（DGEBA）存在原料不可再生、易燃、韧性差等突出问题。在此，以香草醛、1,6-己二胺和环氧氯丙烷为原料，通过简便高效的方法合成了一种含有刚性席夫碱结构和柔性链烷烃链段的香草醛基环氧树脂（VH-HDA-EP），并对其进行了固化处理。用 4,4'-二氨基二苯基甲烷 (DDM) 制备 VH-HDA-EP/DDM 热固性材料。固化动力学分析表明，VH-HDA-EP 的活化能远高于 DGEBA。热重分析表明，在氮气气氛下，VH-HDA-EP/DDM 的炭化率为 30.8 wt%，几乎是 DGEBA/DDM（17.9 wt%）的两倍。而且，VH-HDA-EP/DDM获得了高达38.5%的极限氧指数，并通过了UL-94 V-0等级测试。与DGEBA/DDM相比，VH-HDA-EP/DDM的总放热量、总产烟量和最大烟气密度分别显着降低了45.1%、73.4%和36.2%。残炭分析结果表明，VH-HDA-EP/DDM 的席夫碱结构有助于在凝聚相中形成连续致密的残炭。VH-HDA-EP/DDM 的储能模量和玻璃化转变温度分别为 2821 MPa 和 186 °C，高于 DGEBA/DDM（1990 MPa 和 168 °C）。VH-HDA-EP/DDM的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率分别为55.6 MPa和8.3%，表现出明显的应变强化特性。此外，提出了阻燃性和力学性能的增强机理，这主要是由于刚性席夫碱结构和柔性烷烃链段的互补作用。这项工作为制备具有优异阻燃性和机械性能的高性能生物基环氧树脂提供了思路。

更新日期：2023-01-13

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