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A Theory of External Wars and European Parliaments
International Organization ( IF 8.2 ) Pub Date : 2023-01-10 , DOI: 10.1017/s0020818322000303
Brenton Kenkel , Jack Paine

The development of parliamentary constraints on the executive was critical in Western European political history. Previous scholarship identifies external wars as a key factor, but with varying effects. Sometimes, willing monarchs granted parliamentary rights in return for revenues to fight wars. Yet at other times, war threats empowered rulers over other elites or caused states to fragment. We analyze a formal model to understand how external wars can either stimulate or undermine prospects for a contractual relationship between a ruler and elite actors. We recover the standard intuition that war threats make the ruler more willing to grant parliamentary rights in return for revenue. Our key insight is that war threats also affect the bargaining position of elites. A previously unrecognized tension yields our new findings: stronger outsider threats increase pressure either on elites to fund the ruler or on the ruler to accept constraints—but not both simultaneously. Elites with immobile wealth depend on the ruler for security. War threats undercut their credibility to refuse funding for an unconstrained ruler. By contrast, war threats make elites with mobile wealth and a viable exit option unwilling to fund a hopeless war effort. Only under circumscribed conditions do war threats align three conditions needed for parliament to arise in equilibrium: ruler willingness, elite credibility, and elite willingness. We apply our theory to posit strategic foundations for waves and reversals of historical European parliaments.

中文翻译:

外部战争理论和欧洲议会

议会对行政部门的限制在西欧政治史上至关重要。以前的奖学金将外部战争确定为一个关键因素,但具有不同的影响。有时,愿意的君主授予议会权利,以换取用于打仗的收入。然而在其他时候,战争威胁赋予统治者凌驾于其他精英之上的权力,或导致国家分裂。我们分析了一个正式模型,以了解外部战争如何刺激或破坏统治者与精英行为者之间契约关系的前景。我们恢复了标准的直觉,即战争威胁使统治者更愿意授予议会权利以换取收入。我们的主要见解是,战争威胁也会影响精英们的谈判地位。以前未被认识到的张力产生了我们的新发现:更强大的外来威胁会增加精英阶层为统治者提供资金或统治者接受约束的压力——但两者不会同时发生。拥有不动产财富的精英们依靠统治者来获得安全感。战争威胁削弱了他们拒绝为不受约束的统治者提供资金的可信度。相比之下,战争威胁使拥有流动财富和可行退出选择的精英不愿为无望的战争努力提供资金。只有在限定条件下,战争威胁才会使议会产生平衡所需的三个条件相一致:统治者意愿、精英信誉和精英意愿。我们运用我们的理论为历史上欧洲议会的浪潮和逆转奠定战略基础。拥有不动产财富的精英们依靠统治者来获得安全感。战争威胁削弱了他们拒绝为不受约束的统治者提供资金的可信度。相比之下,战争威胁使拥有流动财富和可行退出选择的精英不愿为无望的战争努力提供资金。只有在限定条件下,战争威胁才会使议会产生平衡所需的三个条件相一致:统治者意愿、精英信誉和精英意愿。我们运用我们的理论为历史上欧洲议会的浪潮和逆转奠定战略基础。拥有不动产财富的精英们依靠统治者来获得安全感。战争威胁削弱了他们拒绝为不受约束的统治者提供资金的可信度。相比之下,战争威胁使拥有流动财富和可行退出选择的精英不愿为无望的战争努力提供资金。只有在限定条件下,战争威胁才会使议会产生平衡所需的三个条件相一致:统治者意愿、精英信誉和精英意愿。我们运用我们的理论为历史上欧洲议会的浪潮和逆转奠定战略基础。只有在限定条件下,战争威胁才会使议会产生平衡所需的三个条件相一致:统治者意愿、精英信誉和精英意愿。我们运用我们的理论为历史上欧洲议会的浪潮和逆转奠定战略基础。只有在限定条件下,战争威胁才会使议会产生平衡所需的三个条件相一致:统治者意愿、精英信誉和精英意愿。我们运用我们的理论为历史上欧洲议会的浪潮和逆转奠定战略基础。
更新日期:2023-01-10
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