Increasing antimicrobial resistance rates have revitalized bacteriophage (phage) research, the natural predators of bacteria discovered over 100 years ago. In order to use phages therapeutically, they should (1) preferably be lytic, (2) kill the bacterial host efficiently, and (3) be fully characterized to exclude side effects. Developing therapeutic phages takes a coordinated effort of multiple stakeholders. Herein, we review the state of the art in phage therapy, covering biological mechanisms, clinical applications, remaining challenges, and future directions involving naturally occurring and genetically modified or synthetic phages.

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噬菌体疗法：从生物学机制到未来方向

不断增加的抗菌药物耐药率让噬菌体（噬菌体）研究重新焕发活力，噬菌体是 100 多年前发现的细菌的天敌。为了在治疗上使用噬菌体，它们应该（1）最好是裂解性的，（2）有效杀死细菌宿主，以及（3）经过充分表征以排除副作用。开发治疗性噬菌体需要多个利益相关者的协调努力。在此，我们回顾了噬菌体治疗的最新技术，涵盖生物机制、临床应用、剩余挑战以及涉及天然噬菌体和转基因或合成噬菌体的未来方向。