Cell-derived exosomes have opened new horizons in modern therapy for advanced drug delivery and therapeutic applications, due to their key features such as low immunogenicity, high physicochemical stability, capacity to penetrate into tissues, and the innate capacity to communicate with other cells over long distances. Exosome-based liquid biopsy has been potentially used for the diagnosis and prognosis of a range of disorders. Exosomes deliver therapeutic agents, including immunological modulators, therapeutic drugs, and antisense oligonucleotides to certain targets, and can be used as vaccines, though their clinical application is still far from reality. Producing exosomes on a large-scale is restricted to their low circulation lifetime, weak targeting capacity, and inappropriate controls, which need to be refined before being implemented in practice. Several bioengineering methods have been used for refining therapeutic applications of exosomes and promoting their effectiveness, on the one hand, and addressing the existing challenges, on the other. In the short run, new diagnostic platforms and emerging therapeutic strategies will further develop exosome engineering and therapeutic potential. This requires a thorough analysis of exosome engineering approaches along with their merits and drawbacks, as outlined in this paper. The present study is a comprehensive review of novel techniques for exosome development in terms of circulation time in the body, targeting capacity, and higher drug loading/delivery efficacies.

细胞来源的外泌体由于其低免疫原性、高物理化学稳定性、渗透组织的能力以及与其他细胞长期沟通的先天能力等关键特征，在先进药物输送和治疗应用的现代疗法中开辟了新视野距离。基于外泌体的液体活检已被潜在地用于一系列疾病的诊断和预后。外泌体向某些靶标输送治疗剂，包括免疫调节剂、治疗药物和反义寡核苷酸，并可用作疫苗，但它们的临床应用距离现实还很遥远。大规模生产外泌体受限于其低循环寿命、弱靶向能力和不适当的控制，在实践中实施之前需要对其进行完善。一些生物工程方法已被用于一方面改进外泌体的治疗应用并提高其有效性，另一方面解决现有的挑战。在短期内，新的诊断平台和新兴的治疗策略将进一步开发外泌体工程和治疗潜力。这需要对外泌体工程方法及其优缺点进行全面分析，如本文所述。本研究从体内循环时间、靶向能力和更高的载药/递送效率等方面对外泌体开发的新技术进行了全面审查。一些生物工程方法已被用于一方面改进外泌体的治疗应用并提高其有效性，另一方面解决现有的挑战。在短期内，新的诊断平台和新兴的治疗策略将进一步开发外泌体工程和治疗潜力。这需要对外泌体工程方法及其优缺点进行全面分析，如本文所述。本研究从体内循环时间、靶向能力和更高的载药/递送效率等方面对外泌体开发的新技术进行了全面审查。一些生物工程方法已被用于一方面改进外泌体的治疗应用并提高其有效性，另一方面解决现有的挑战。在短期内，新的诊断平台和新兴的治疗策略将进一步开发外泌体工程和治疗潜力。这需要对外泌体工程方法及其优缺点进行全面分析，如本文所述。本研究从体内循环时间、靶向能力和更高的载药/递送效率等方面对外泌体开发的新技术进行了全面审查。新的诊断平台和新兴的治疗策略将进一步开发外泌体工程和治疗潜力。这需要对外泌体工程方法及其优缺点进行全面分析，如本文所述。本研究从体内循环时间、靶向能力和更高的载药/递送效率等方面对外泌体开发的新技术进行了全面审查。新的诊断平台和新兴的治疗策略将进一步开发外泌体工程和治疗潜力。这需要对外泌体工程方法及其优缺点进行全面分析，如本文所述。本研究从体内循环时间、靶向能力和更高的载药/递送效率等方面对外泌体开发的新技术进行了全面审查。