The Cu-Sb-Pb polymetallic vein deposit is hosted by metavolcanics rocks of the Gawuch Formation at the Kaldom Gol area of the northwest Kohistan arc terrain in northern Pakistan. The mineralization is closely associated with the dioritic to granodioritic rocks of the Lowari pluton, which was intruded into the Gawuch metavolcanics. Details of ore characterization and processes of ore genesis of this evidently hydrothermal mineralization are not well documented. Integrating petrographic, mineral-chemical and isotopic investigations, this study aims to comprehend the source of hydrothermal fluids, geochemical evolution, mineral inclusions and physicochemical conditions of the Cu-Sb-Pb polymetallic vein deposit in Gawuch metavolcanics in the Kohistan arc terrain in northern Pakistan. The mineralization is distinguished into three types of ore-gangue associations: Type Ia, Type Ib, and Type II. The textural study revealed two pyrite generations: (i) Py1 displaying euhedral to subhedral habits and containing scarce inclusions, and (ii) Py2 occurring as anhedral grains hosting abundant inclusions. Type Ia is characterized by Py1 associated with abundant quartz (Qz) showing comb texture, sericite (Ser), and minor chlorite (Chl). Type Ib comprises Qz + Ser + Chl and Py2, chalcopyrite (Ccp), and magnetite (Mag). Type II is represented by mosaic quartz, rhombic adularia, and bladed calcite, and the ore minerals fahlore and galena. Alteration zones composed of Qz-Ser ± Chl and Qz-Ser-Chl, surround Type I (a, b) and Type II veins, respectively. Fahlore and galena mostly replace pyrite of Type Ia and chalcopyrite of Type Ib. In addition, malachite, azurite, hematite and covellite occur as secondary (supergene) minerals. The Co/Ni ratios (>1) of Kaldom Gol pyrites suggest that the ore-forming fluids were hydrothermal in origin and Py1 and Py2 solidified at 221–304 °C and 225–261 °C, respectively. The LA-ICP-MS time-resolved depth profiles confirm the existence of sphalerite, and chalcopyrite inclusions in pyrite (Py1 and Py2) and millerite, bravoite, vaesite, Au-tellurides, native Au and galena inclusions in chalcopyrite and fahlore. Sulfur isotope compositions of pyrites (δ³⁴S = Py1, −0.58 to +2 ‰; δ³⁴S = Py2, −0.24 to +2.04 ‰) indicate that the ore-forming fluids were derived from magmatic source (s). The mineral assemblage, hydrothermal alterations, textures, temperature and δ³⁴S of pyrites suggest that the Cu-Sb-Pb polymetallic mineralization at Kaldom Gol represents an intermediate-sulfidation type of epithermal deposit.

Cu-Sb-Pb 多金属矿床位于巴基斯坦北部 Kohistan 弧形地形西北部 Kaldom Gol 地区的 Gawuch 组变质火山岩中。矿化与 Lowari 深成岩的闪长岩至花岗闪长岩密切相关，后者被侵入到 Gawuch 变质火山中。这种明显热液成矿的矿石特征和成因过程的细节没有得到很好的记录。本研究综合岩相学、矿物化学和同位素研究，旨在了解巴基斯坦北部 Kohistan 弧地形 Gawuch 变质火山中 Cu-Sb-Pb 多金属矿床的热液来源、地球化学演化、矿物包裹体和物理化学条件. 矿化分为三种类型的矿脉组合：Ia 型、Ib 型和II 型。结构研究揭示了两代黄铁矿：(i) Py1 显示出自形到亚自形习性和含有稀少的内含物，以及 (ii) Py2 作为含有大量内含物的上反角颗粒出现。Ia 型的特征是 Py1 伴有丰富的石英 (Qz)，呈现梳状结构、绢云母 (Ser) 和少量绿泥石 (Chl)。Ib 型包括 Qz + Ser + Chl 和 Py2、黄铜矿 (Ccp) 和磁铁矿 (Mag)。II 型以镶嵌石英、菱形冰长石和刃状方解石以及矿石矿物法洛尔和方铅矿为代表。由 Qz-Ser ± Chl 和 Qz-Ser-Chl 组成的改变区，分别围绕 I 型（a，b）和 II 型脉。Fahlore 和方铅矿主要替代 Ia 型黄铁矿和 Ib 型黄铜矿。此外，孔雀石、蓝铜矿、赤铁矿和蓝铜矿作为次生（表生）矿物出现。Kaldom Gol 黄铁矿的 Co/Ni 比值 (>1) 表明成矿流体起源于热液，Py1 和 Py2 分别在 221–304 °C 和 225–261 °C 凝固。LA-ICP-MS 时间分辨深度剖面证实了闪锌矿的存在，以及黄铁矿（Py1 和 Py2）中的黄铜矿夹杂物和黄铜矿和辉绿岩中的millerite、bravoite、vaesite 、Au-tellurides、原生 Au 和方铅矿内含物。黄铁矿的硫同位素组成（δ ³⁴ S = Py1，-0.58至+2‰；δ ³⁴ S = Py2，-0.24至+2.04‰）表明成矿流体来源于岩浆源（s）。黄铁矿的矿物组合、热液蚀变、结构、温度和 δ ³⁴ S 表明，Kaldom Gol 的 Cu-Sb-Pb 多金属矿化代表一种中间硫化型浅成热液矿床。