Persulfate (PS) is widely used as an in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) technology for groundwater and soil remediation. While conventional theory generally assumes that PS needs to be “activated” to produce reactive radicals for pollutant degradation, herein, PS without explicit activation system was discovered for the degradation of 1,2,3-TCP with the generation of reactive oxidation species (ROS). Comparison of five common ISCO oxidants (PS, peroxymonosulfate, hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, and sodium percarbonate) indicated that only unactivated PS was able to degrade 1,2,3-TCP in both pure water and 12 natural water samples. 50 μM 1,2,3-TCP degradation can be continued as long as there is enough PS (50 mM). The degradation rate of 1,2,3-TCP increased 450 % when the PS concentration increased from 10 mM to 50 mM and 500 % when the temperature increased from 25 °C to 45 °C. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analyzes, hydroxyl radicals (·OH) probe reaction and radical quenching experiments confirmed the involvement of both sulfate radicals (SO₄·-) and ·OH that were responsible for 1,2,3-TCP degradation and ·OH played a more important role. HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻ and NOM are three groundwater matrix species that are most likely to inhibit PS oxidation of 1,2,3-TCP. Compared to activated PS, unactivated PS is more promising and more practical for groundwater remediation, since it has several advantages: (1) longer lifetime and better long-term availability; (2) ability of enduring contaminant degradation; (3) applicable for low-permeability zones remediation and potential to alleviate contaminant rebound or tailing problems; (4) environmental friendly; and (5) lower cost. Overall, results of this study show that unactivated PS is a promising in situ remediation technology that may be a good candidate for the most challenging low permeable zone remediation.

过硫酸盐 (PS) 被广泛用作地下水和土壤修复的原位化学氧化 (ISCO) 技术。虽然传统理论通常假设 PS 需要被“激活”以产生用于污染物降解的活性自由基，但在此，发现没有明确激活系统的 PS 可降解 1,2,3-TCP 并产生活性氧化物（ROS ). 五种常见的 ISCO 氧化剂（PS、过氧单硫酸盐、过氧化氢、高锰酸钾和过碳酸钠）的比较表明，只有未活化的 PS 能够降解纯水和 12 种天然水样中的 1,2,3-TCP。只要有足够的 PS (50 mM)，就可以继续进行 50 μM 1,2,3-TCP 降解。1,2的降解率，C. 电子顺磁共振 (EPR) 分析、羟基自由基 (·OH) 探针反应和自由基淬灭实验证实了导致 1,2,3-TCP 降解的硫酸根 (SO ₄ ·-) 和·OH 的参与·OH发挥了更重要的作用。HCO ₃ ^- , Cl ^-和 NOM 是最有可能抑制 1,2,3-TCP 的 PS 氧化的三种地下水基质物种。与活化的 PS 相比，未活化的 PS 对于地下水修复更有前途和实用性，因为它具有以下几个优点：（1）更长的使用寿命和更好的长期可用性；(2) 污染物持久降解能力；(3) 适用于低渗透带整治，有可能减轻污染物反弹或拖尾问题；(4) 环保；(5) 降低成本。总的来说，这项研究的结果表明，未活化的 PS 是一种很有前途的原位修复技术，可能是最具挑战性的低渗透区修复的良好候选者。