Evolutionary social psychologists have demonstrated that powerholders generally attain and maintain rank in social hierarchies through two distinct types of behaviors: associative (prestige-based) strategies or dissociative (dominance-based) strategies. However, the dual-strategies literature lacks a theoretical account of when and why people adopt one approach over the other. We provide a theoretical model of power to address this question and also expand the focus to include low-power versions of associative (persuasion-based) and dissociative (passivity-based) strategies. To develop our framework, we build on the distinction between power (i.e., asymmetric control over valued resources) and volitional influence (i.e., the ability to produce willful changes in others). We posit that individuals who perceive high volitional influence with regard to another party are in a state of social alignment, because their interests and those of the other party are, or can easily become, aligned. As a result, they pursue associative strategies (prestige for high-power actors, or persuasion for low-power actors). In contrast, individuals with low perceived volitional influence are in a state of social misalignment, because their interests and those of the other party are misaligned. As a result, they pursue dissociative strategies (dominance for high-power actors, or passivity for low-power actors). To help distinguish between power and volitional influence, we offer a new capital-based typology of power and outline key antecedents of volitional influence. We conclude by outlining future directions for research on power and key topics in organizational behavior.

进化社会心理学家已经证明，掌权者通常通过两种不同类型的行为获得并维持社会等级制度中的地位：联想（基于声望）策略或分离（基于支配）策略。然而，双重策略文献缺乏关于人们何时以及为何采用一种方法而不是另一种方法的理论解释。我们提供了一个权力的理论模型来解决这个问题，并将重点扩大到包括关联（基于说服）和分离（基于被动）策略的低权力版本。为了开发我们的框架，我们建立在权力（即对有价值资源的不对称控制）和意志影响（即有意改变他人的能力）之间的区别之上。社会一致性，因为他们的利益和另一方的利益是一致的，或者很容易变得一致。因此，他们追求联合策略（高权力行为者的声望，或低权力行为者的说服力）。相比之下，感知到的意志力影响力低的个体处于社会错位状态，因为他们的利益与对方的利益错位。因此，他们追求分离策略（高权力行为者的主导地位，或低权力行为者的被动）。为了帮助区分权力和意志影响，我们提供了一种新的基于资本的权力类型学，并概述了意志影响的关键前因。最后，我们概述了权力和组织行为中关键主题的未来研究方向。