Land surface temperature (LST) is a crucial parameter that reflects land–atmosphere interaction and has thus attracted wide interest from geoscientists. Owing to the rapid development of Earth observation technologies, remotely sensed LST is playing an increasingly essential role in various fields. This review aims to summarize the progress in LST estimation algorithms and accelerate its further applications. Thus, we briefly review the most-used thermal infrared (TIR) LST estimation algorithms. More importantly, this review provides a comprehensive collection of the widely used TIR-based LST products and offers important insights into the uncertainties in these products with respect to different land cover conditions via a systematic intercomparison analysis of several representative products. In addition to the discussion on product accuracy, we address problems related to the spatial discontinuity, spatiotemporal incomparability, and short time span of current LST products by introducing the most effective methods. With the aim of overcoming these challenges in available LST products, much progress has been made in developing spatiotemporal seamless LST data, which significantly promotes the successful applications of these products in the field of surface evapotranspiration and soil moisture estimation, agriculture drought monitoring, thermal environment monitoring, thermal anomaly monitoring, and climate change. Overall, this review encompasses the most recent advances in TIR-based LST and the state-of-the-art of applications of LST products at various spatial and temporal scales, identifies critical further research needs and directions to advance and optimize retrieval methods, and promotes the application of LST to improve the understanding of surface thermal dynamics and exchanges.

中文翻译：

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全球地表温度卫星遥感：定义、方法、产品和应用

地表温度（LST）是反映陆-气相互作用的重要参数，因此引起了地球科学家的广泛兴趣。随着地球观测技术的快速发展，遥感LST在各个领域发挥着越来越重要的作用。本综述旨在总结地表温度估计算法的进展并加速其进一步应用。因此，我们简要回顾了最常用的热红外 (TIR) LST 估计算法。更重要的是，这篇综述全面收集了广泛使用的基于 TIR 的 LST 产品，并通过对几种代表性产品的系统比较分析，提供了对这些产品在不同土地覆盖条件下的不确定性的重要见解。除了产品精度的讨论，我们通过引入最有效的方法来解决与当前 LST 产品的空间不连续性、时空不可比性和短时间跨度相关的问题。为了克服现有地表温度产品面临的这些挑战，时空无缝地表温度数据的开发取得了很大进展，极大地促进了这些产品在地表蒸散和土壤水分估算、农业干旱监测、热环境等领域的成功应用。监测、热异常监测和气候变化。总的来说，这篇综述涵盖了基于 TIR 的 LST 的最新进展以及 LST 产品在各种空间和时间尺度上的最新应用，确定了进一步研究的关键需求和方向，以推进和优化检索方法，