The major genetic divergences among non-Africans took place within a relatively short period of time, between 50 and 40 thousand years ago. These events shaped human diversity worldwide and set the basis for our current understanding of demographic history, patterns of adaptation and genetic burden across human populations. While the global picture appears already set, with the main human expansion Out of Africa inferred to have occurred between 60 and 70 thousand years ago and the main separation between contemporary East and West Eurasian to have taken place at around 40 thousand years ago, several finer details remain unresolved, including the whereabouts of such expansions and the dynamics of their interactions with archaic hominins and the interplay between environmental, cultural and demographic effectors. Here we review the major events that characterize human movements across and beyond Eurasia until the last glacial maximum and, at the end of each paragraph, spell out in italics the major questions that remain unsolved and that may provide major breakthroughs in the field in the upcoming years.

中文翻译：

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欧亚大陆过去的未来：突出更新世晚期人口流动的漏洞和支柱。

非非洲人之间的主要遗传差异发生在相对较短的时间内，即 50 到 4 万年前。这些事件塑造了全世界的人类多样性，并为我们目前对人口历史、适应模式和人类遗传负担的理解奠定了基础。虽然全球图景似乎已经确定，据推测人类走出非洲的主要扩张发生在 60 到 7 万年前，而当代东西欧亚大陆之间的主要分离发生在大约 4 万年前，一些更精细的细节仍未解决，包括此类扩张的下落、它们与古代人类互动的动态以及环境、文化和人口影响因素之间的相互作用。