Nanozymes have a similar catalytic mechanism to natural enzymes, with excellent performance, facile synthesis, and better stability. Single-atom nanozymes are developed based on single-atom catalysts due to their advantages in coordination structure and electronic configuration, making them highly enzymatic-like biomimetic catalysts. Central nervous system (CNS) diseases have become one of the biggest killers of human health because they are difficult to diagnose and treat, expensive, and result in serious illness. Single-atom nanozymes have been widely used for biomedical applications, especially in oxidative-stress-induced diseases and most CNS diseases which are closely related to oxidative stress. Therefore, single-atom nanozymes show promising application prospects for the treatment of CNS diseases. In addition, due to the outstanding material properties and sensitivity of single-atom nanozymes, they also exhibit great advantages in detecting various CNS disease markers for diagnosis.