The formation of nacreous layers of abalone shell (Aba) is a similar process to the deposition of calcium salts in human bone, with the main mechanism being the orderly mineralization of inorganic matter mediated by organic bioactive components. In this study, 3D printing technology was employed to use the abundant calcium sources and bioactive substances in Aba to enhance the osteoinductive and remineralization capacity of materials in implants for bone regeneration. The novel hybrid scaffolds were successfully 3D-printed from polycaprolactone (PCL), which has good toughness and processability, doped with powdered Aba. When the Aba particle doping was increased from 0 to 15%, the physicochemical properties of PCL were virtually unchanged, while the surfaces of scaffolds became rough, and Aba particles were gradually exposed. The Aba/PCL scaffolds had an interconnected pore structure with a pore size of approximately 200 μm and over 50% porosity, which was convenient for the transport of nutrients. With the addition of Aba, the thermodynamic stability and mechanical properties of the scaffolds significantly improved, and the maximum compressive strength and modulus reached 1.34 and 1.89 MPa, respectively, because Aba provided nucleation sites for nanohydroxyapatite (nHAP) to promote mineralization. In vitro cell experiments showed that the hybrid scaffolds had good biocompatibility and promote the proliferation of osteoblasts. In vivo results revealed that the hydroxyapatite of organic matter and trace elements in Aba particles induced the migration of stem cells and active factors to the site of a bone defect. The implantation of 3D-printed scaffolds offered a microenvironment for osteoblast attachment and proliferation, which further promotes osteogenesis-related gene expression, such as bone gamma carboxyglutamate protein (BGLAP), type I collagen (COL1A1), and secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), and facilitated the repair of a skull defect. This high-value applications of Aba have the potential to improve environmental pollution and provide potentially low-cost, high-performance bone repair materials for clinical use.

鲍鱼壳（Aba）珠光层的形成与人体骨骼中钙盐的沉积过程类似，其主要机制是有机生物活性成分介导的无机物有序矿化。本研究采用3D打印技术，利用阿坝体内丰富的钙源和生物活性物质，增强植入物材料的骨诱导和再矿化能力，实现骨再生。新型混合支架由聚己内酯 (PCL) 成功地 3D 打印而成，聚己内酯具有良好的韧性和可加工性，掺杂有粉末状 Aba。当Aba颗粒掺杂量从0增加到15%时，PCL的理化性质基本没有变化，但支架表面变得粗糙，Aba颗粒逐渐暴露。Aba/PCL支架具有相互连通的孔隙结构，孔径约为200 μm，孔隙率超过50%，便于营养物质的运输。随着Aba的加入，支架的热力学稳定性和力学性能显着提高，最大抗压强度和模量分别达到1.34和1.89 MPa，这是因为Aba为纳米羟基磷灰石（nHAP）提供了成核位点以促进矿化。体外细胞实验表明，该混合支架具有良好的生物相容性，能促进成骨细胞的增殖。体内结果表明，Aba 颗粒中的有机物羟基磷灰石和微量元素诱导干细胞和活性因子向骨缺损部位迁移。3D 打印支架的植入为成骨细胞的附着和增殖提供了微环境，进一步促进了成骨相关基因的表达，如骨伽马羧基谷氨酸蛋白 (BGLAP)、I 型胶原 (COL1A1) 和分泌磷蛋白 1 (SPP1)，并促进了颅骨缺损的修复。Aba 的这种高价值应用有可能改善环境污染，并为临床使用提供潜在的低成本、高性能骨修复材料。