In the production of ethanol, starches are converted into reducing sugars by liquefaction and saccharification processes, which mainly use soluble amylases. These processes are considered wasteful operations as operations to recover the enzymes are not practical economically so immobilizations of amylases to perform both processes appear to be a promising way to obtain more stable and reusable enzymes, to lower costs of enzymatic conversions, and to reduce enzymes degradation/contamination. Although many reviews on enzyme immobilizations are found, they only discuss immobilizations of α-amylase immobilizations on nanoparticles, but other amylases and support types are not well informed or poorly stated. As the knowledge of the developed supports for most amylase immobilizations being used in starch hydrolysis is important, a review describing about their preparations, characteristics, and applications is herewith presented. Based on the results, two major groups were discovered in the last 20 years, which include conventional and magnetic-based supports. Furthermore, several strategies for preparation and immobilization processes, which are more advanced than the previous generation, were also revealed. Although most of the starch hydrolysis processes were conducted in batches, opportunities to develop continuous reactors are offered. However, the continuous operations are difficult to be employed by magnetic-based amylases.

中文翻译：

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常规或磁性材料的应用，以支持淀粉分解酶的固定化，用于淀粉水解过程的分批和连续操作

在乙醇生产中，淀粉通过液化和糖化过程转化为还原糖，主要使用可溶性淀粉酶。这些过程被认为是浪费操作，因为回收酶的操作在经济上不切实际，因此固定淀粉酶以执行这两个过程似乎是获得更稳定和可重复使用的酶、降低酶促转化成本和减少酶降解的有前途的方法/污染。尽管发现了许多关于酶固定化的评论，但它们仅讨论了 α-淀粉酶固定化在纳米颗粒上的固定化，但其他淀粉酶和支持类型并未充分了解或陈述不充分。由于对淀粉水解中使用的大多数淀粉酶固定化的开发支持的了解很重要，特此介绍描述它们的制备、特性和应用的综述。根据这些结果，在过去 20 年中发现了两大类，其中包括传统支架和磁性支架。此外，还揭示了几种比上一代更先进的制备和固定过程策略。尽管大多数淀粉水解过程是分批进行的，但仍提供了开发连续反应器的机会。然而，基于磁性的淀粉酶难以采用连续操作。还揭示了一些比上一代更先进的制备和固定过程策略。尽管大多数淀粉水解过程是分批进行的，但仍提供了开发连续反应器的机会。然而，基于磁性的淀粉酶难以采用连续操作。还揭示了一些比上一代更先进的制备和固定过程策略。尽管大多数淀粉水解过程是分批进行的，但仍提供了开发连续反应器的机会。然而，基于磁性的淀粉酶难以采用连续操作。