The detection of the accelerated expansion of the Universe has been one of the major breakthroughs in modern cosmology. Several cosmological probes (Cosmic Microwave Background, Supernovae Type Ia, Baryon Acoustic Oscillations) have been studied in depth to better understand the nature of the mechanism driving this acceleration, and they are being currently pushed to their limits, obtaining remarkable constraints that allowed us to shape the standard cosmological model. In parallel to that, however, the percent precision achieved has recently revealed apparent tensions between measurements obtained from different methods. These are either indicating some unaccounted systematic effects, or are pointing toward new physics. Following the development of CMB, SNe, and BAO cosmology, it is critical to extend our selection of cosmological probes. Novel probes can be exploited to validate results, control or mitigate systematic effects, and, most importantly, to increase the accuracy and robustness of our results. This review is meant to provide a state-of-art benchmark of the latest advances in emerging “beyond-standard” cosmological probes. We present how several different methods can become a key resource for observational cosmology. In particular, we review cosmic chronometers, quasars, gamma-ray bursts, standard sirens, lensing time-delay with galaxies and clusters, cosmic voids, neutral hydrogen intensity mapping, surface brightness fluctuations, stellar ages of the oldest objects, secular redshift drift, and clustering of standard candles. The review describes the method, systematics, and results of each probe in a homogeneous way, giving the reader a clear picture of the available innovative methods that have been introduced in recent years and how to apply them. The review also discusses the potential synergies and complementarities between the various probes, exploring how they will contribute to the future of modern cosmology.

探测宇宙加速膨胀是现代宇宙学的重大突破之一。一些宇宙学探测器（宇宙微波背景、Ia型超新星、重子声学振荡）已经被深入研究，以更好地理解驱动这种加速的机制的本质，而它们目前正被推向极限，获得了显着的约束，使我们能够塑造标准宇宙学模型。然而，与此同时，所达到的精度百分比最近揭示了通过不同方法获得的测量值之间的明显张力。这些要么表明一些未解释的系统效应，要么指向新的物理学。随着 CMB、SNe 和 BAO 宇宙学的发展，扩大我们对宇宙学探测器的选择至关重要。新型探针可用于验证结果、控制或减轻系统效应，最重要的是，提高结果的准确性和稳健性。这次审查旨在为新兴的“超标准”宇宙学探测器的最新进展提供最先进的基准。我们介绍了几种不同的方法如何成为观测宇宙学的关键资源。特别是，我们回顾了宇宙计时器、类星体、伽马射线暴、标准警报器、星系和星团的透镜时间延迟、宇宙空洞、中性氢强度图、表面亮度波动、最古老物体的恒星年龄、长期红移漂移、和标准蜡烛的聚集。该综述以统一的方式描述了每个探索的方法、系统学和结果，让读者清楚地了解近年来推出的可用创新方法以及如何应用它们。 该评论还讨论了各种探测器之间潜在的协同作用和互补性，探索它们将如何为现代宇宙学的未来做出贡献。