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Different, but the same: Inferring the hunting behaviour of the hypercarnivorous bush dog (Speothos venaticus) through finite element analysis
Journal of Anatomy ( IF 1.8 ) Pub Date : 2022-12-09 , DOI: 10.1111/joa.13804 Juan V Ruiz 1, 2, 3, 4 , Gabriel S Ferreira 3, 4 , Stephan Lautenschlager 5 , Mariela C de Castro 6 , Felipe C Montefeltro 1
Journal of Anatomy ( IF 1.8 ) Pub Date : 2022-12-09 , DOI: 10.1111/joa.13804 Juan V Ruiz 1, 2, 3, 4 , Gabriel S Ferreira 3, 4 , Stephan Lautenschlager 5 , Mariela C de Castro 6 , Felipe C Montefeltro 1
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Cerdocyonina is a clade composed by the South-American canids in which the bush dog (Speothos venaticus) is one of the most elusive species. Known for its unique morphology within the group, this small, bear-like faced canid is the only member of the clade adapted to hypercarnivory, an almost exclusively meat-based diet currently present only in usually large, pack-hunting canids such as the grey wolf (Canis lupus). However, much of the biology of the bush dog is poorly understood, and inferences about its ecology, hunting strategies and diet are usually based on observation of captive individuals and anecdotal records, with reduced quantitative data to offer support. Here, we investigated the craniomandibular functional morphology of the bush dog through finite element analysis (FEA). FEA was employed to model the biting behaviour and to create extrinsic and intrinsic functional scenarios with different loads, corresponding to different bites used to subdue and process the prey. For comparison, the same modelling was applied to the skull of a grey wolf and a grey fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus). Our analysis showed that the bush dog's responses to loading are more similar to the wolf's than to the fox's in most scenarios, suggesting a convergent craniomandibular functional morphology between these two hypercarnivorous species, despite their distinct phylogenetic positions and body sizes. Differences between the three taxa are noteworthy and suggested to be related to the size of the usual prey. The modelled bite force for the bush dog is relatively strong, about half of that estimated for the wolf and about 40% stronger than the fox's bite. The results strengthen with quantitative data the inferences of the bush dog as a pack-hunting predator with prey size similar to its own, such as large rodents and armadillos, being specialised in subduing and killing its prey using multiple bites. Its similarity to the wolf also confirms anecdotal accounts of predation on mammals that are much larger than itself, such as peccaries and tapirs. These data highlight the ecological specialisation of this small canid in a continent where large, pack-hunting canids are absent.
中文翻译：
不同，但相同：通过有限元分析推断超级肉食性丛林犬 (Speothos venaticus) 的狩猎行为
Cerdocyonina 是由南美犬科动物组成的进化枝，其中丛林犬 ( Speothos venaticus ) 是最难以捉摸的物种之一。以其在群体中独特的形态而闻名，这种小的、面孔像熊的犬科动物是进化枝中唯一适应超食肉动物的成员，这是一种几乎完全以肉类为基础的饮食，目前只存在于通常大型的群居犬科动物中，例如灰熊狼（Canis lupus）。然而，人们对丛林犬的大部分生物学知之甚少，对其生态学、狩猎策略和饮食的推断通常基于对圈养个体的观察和轶事记录，并减少了定量数据的支持。在这里，我们通过有限元分析 (FEA) 研究了丛林犬的颅颌功能形态。FEA 用于模拟咬合行为，并创建具有不同负载的外在和内在功能场景，对应于用于制服和处理猎物的不同咬合。为了进行比较，将相同的模型应用于灰狼和灰狐 ( Urocyon cinereoargenteus ) 的头骨). 我们的分析表明，在大多数情况下，丛林犬对负荷的反应与狼比与狐狸更相似，这表明这两种超级肉食性物种之间的颅颌功能形态趋同，尽管它们的系统发育位置和体型不同。三个类群之间的差异值得注意，并被认为与通常猎物的大小有关。丛林犬的模拟咬合力相对较强，约为狼估计咬合力的一半，比狐狸的咬合力强约 40%。结果通过定量数据加强了丛林犬作为猎物大小与其自身相似的群体狩猎捕食者的推论，例如大型啮齿动物和犰狳，专门利用多次咬合来制服和杀死猎物。它与狼的相似性也证实了捕食比它大得多的哺乳动物的传闻，例如野猪和貘。这些数据突出了这种小型犬科动物在没有大型群居犬科动物的大陆上的生态专业化。
更新日期：2022-12-09
中文翻译：
不同，但相同：通过有限元分析推断超级肉食性丛林犬 (Speothos venaticus) 的狩猎行为
Cerdocyonina 是由南美犬科动物组成的进化枝，其中丛林犬 ( Speothos venaticus ) 是最难以捉摸的物种之一。以其在群体中独特的形态而闻名，这种小的、面孔像熊的犬科动物是进化枝中唯一适应超食肉动物的成员，这是一种几乎完全以肉类为基础的饮食，目前只存在于通常大型的群居犬科动物中，例如灰熊狼（Canis lupus）。然而，人们对丛林犬的大部分生物学知之甚少，对其生态学、狩猎策略和饮食的推断通常基于对圈养个体的观察和轶事记录，并减少了定量数据的支持。在这里，我们通过有限元分析 (FEA) 研究了丛林犬的颅颌功能形态。FEA 用于模拟咬合行为，并创建具有不同负载的外在和内在功能场景，对应于用于制服和处理猎物的不同咬合。为了进行比较，将相同的模型应用于灰狼和灰狐 ( Urocyon cinereoargenteus ) 的头骨). 我们的分析表明，在大多数情况下，丛林犬对负荷的反应与狼比与狐狸更相似，这表明这两种超级肉食性物种之间的颅颌功能形态趋同，尽管它们的系统发育位置和体型不同。三个类群之间的差异值得注意，并被认为与通常猎物的大小有关。丛林犬的模拟咬合力相对较强，约为狼估计咬合力的一半，比狐狸的咬合力强约 40%。结果通过定量数据加强了丛林犬作为猎物大小与其自身相似的群体狩猎捕食者的推论，例如大型啮齿动物和犰狳，专门利用多次咬合来制服和杀死猎物。它与狼的相似性也证实了捕食比它大得多的哺乳动物的传闻，例如野猪和貘。这些数据突出了这种小型犬科动物在没有大型群居犬科动物的大陆上的生态专业化。
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