Alphaviruses are arthropod-transmitted RNA viruses that cause epidemics of human infection and disease on a global scale. These viruses are classified as either arthritogenic or encephalitic based on their genetic relatedness and the clinical syndromes they cause. Although there are currently no approved therapeutics or vaccines against alphaviruses, passive transfer of monoclonal antibodies confers protection in animal models. This Review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the host factors required for alphavirus entry, the mechanisms of action by which protective antibodies inhibit different steps in the alphavirus infection cycle and candidate alphavirus vaccines currently under clinical evaluation that focus on humoral immunity. A comprehensive understanding of alphavirus entry and antibody-mediated protection may inform the development of new classes of countermeasures for these emerging viruses.

甲病毒是通过节肢动物传播的 RNA 病毒，可在全球范围内引起人类感染和疾病的流行。根据它们的遗传相关性和它们引起的临床综合征，这些病毒被分类为关节炎病毒或脑炎病毒。尽管目前还没有针对甲病毒的批准疗法或疫苗，但单克隆抗体的被动转移可以在动物模型中提供保护。这篇综述强调了我们对甲病毒进入所需宿主因素的理解的最新进展，保护性抗体抑制甲病毒感染周期不同步骤的作用机制，以及目前正在临床评估的侧重于体液免疫的候选甲病毒疫苗。对甲病毒进入和抗体介导的保护的全面了解可能有助于针对这些新兴病毒开发新型对策。