Purpose of Review

Our goal is to provide an overview of how urban heat islands affect forests and synthesize recent literature on that topic. We focused on direct effects of high temperatures from urban heat islands on forest trees and indirect effects via changes in soil moisture and pest density. We also focused on the effects of urban heat islands on arthropods with particular emphasis on tree pests.

Recent Findings

Urban heat islands can push trees and arthropods closer to their thermal limits with consequences for tree growth and arthropod fitness. Urban heat islands can alter the distribution of trees and arthropods allowing species to survive at higher altitudes or latitudes than they could otherwise. A primary risk for trees is that urban heat islands can increase pest density and damage.

Summary

Urban heat islands can increase forest air and soil temperature and reduce soil moisture especially when combined with greater climate change. Land managers should consider the surrounding urban density and forest size when trying to determine which plants and animals can persist in urban forests. As forests are fragmented or encroached upon by urbanization, the forest environment will change and become more hospitable for some species and less hospitable for others. Overall, there is insufficient research focused on urban-forest interfaces and the consequences of urbanization for plants and animals within forests. This research is not only important for urban forest conservation. Tree and arthropod responses to urban heat islands will help scientists and land managers predict responses to climate warming in rural areas as well.

中文翻译：

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城市热岛对温带森林树木和节肢动物的影响

审查目的

我们的目标是概述城市热岛如何影响森林，并综合有关该主题的最新文献。我们重点研究城市热岛高温对林木的直接影响以及土壤湿度和害虫密度变化带来的间接影响。我们还关注城市热岛对节肢动物的影响，特别是树木害虫。

最近的发现

城市热岛会使树木和节肢动物接近其温度极限，从而对树木生长和节肢动物的健康产生影响。城市热岛可以改变树木和节肢动物的分布，使物种能够在比其他地方更高的海拔或纬度生存。树木面临的主要风险是城市热岛会增加害虫密度和损害。

概括

城市热岛会增加森林空气和土壤温度，并降低土壤湿度，尤其是在气候变化加剧的情况下。土地管理者在尝试确定哪些植物和动物可以在城市森林中生存时，应考虑周围的城市密度和森林规模。随着森林被城市化破碎或侵占，森林环境将会发生变化，变得更适合某些物种，而对另一些物种则不太适宜。总体而言，针对城市与森林界面以及城市化对森林内动植物的影响的研究还不够。这项研究不仅对城市森林保护很重要。树木和节肢动物对城市热岛的反应将有助于科学家和土地管理者预测农村地区对气候变暖的反应。