In the present study, three ecotypes of Xanthium strumarium L. were collected from different ecological regions, i.e., Uchalli (E₁), Sargodha (E₂), and Samundri (E₃) in Punjab province, Pakistan. All ecotypes were assessed for their salt resistance and remediation capacity at different NaCl levels (T₁ (control), T₂ (50 mM), T₃ (100 mM), and T₄ (150 mM)). Xanthium responses to varied NaCl levels were investigated for growth, anatomical, and physio-biochemical attributes. A comparative account of different attributes revealed a performance difference between three ecotypes. Biomass of all ecotypes was reduced, but the minimum reduction in biomass was noticed in E₁ as compared to other ecotypes. Comparison of control and NaCl-treated Xanthium plants indicated highest reduction (96.3%) for both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b observed under T₄ in E₃ as compared to E₁ and E₂. Maximum increase in carotenoids was observed in E₂ (82.2%) under T₄. Shoot Na⁺ correspondingly increased in all ecotypes with NaCl levels and maximum Na⁺ in E₃. Minimum absorption of Cl⁻ ion was observed in E₁. Osmoprotectants in three ecotypes were much higher under elevated NaCl levels than that of control plants. A significant increase in total soluble sugars was recorded in E1 (76.82%) and E2 (45.35%) as compared to E3. Additionally, significant anatomical changes in stem, leaf, and root of X. strumarium L. were observed in all three ecotypes grown under NaCl conditions. E1 ecotype showed large vascular bundle cell area (119.23%), (110.95%), (56.34%), epidermal thickness (152.21%), (187.40%), (117.28%) of leaf, root, and stem, respectively, as compared to E2 and E3 ecotypes. Similarly, E1 ecotypes showed the highest percentage increase in root sclerenchyma cell area (93.46%), stem epidermal cell area (246.66%), stem cortical cell area (114.23%), and stem sclerenchyma cell area (92.5%) as compared to E2 and E3 ecotypes. These findings endorse differential capabilities of different ecotypes of the same plant with reference to the changes in studied attributes. Overall, results indicate that X. strumarium L. withstood high NaCl stress (150 mM) and can be an eco-friendly source for the phytoremediation of saline soils. It could serve as a foundation for future research on the plant adaptability. We recommend use of this plant for restoring saline-degraded and marginal soils.

在本研究中，从巴基斯坦旁遮普省的不同生态区，即 Uchalli (E ₁ )、Sargodha (E ₂ ) 和 Samundri (E ₃ )收集了三个生态型的苍耳 ( Xanthium strumarium L.)。评估了所有生态型在不同 NaCl 水平（T ₁（对照）、T ₂ (50 mM)、T ₃ (100 mM) 和 T ₄ (150 mM)）下的耐盐性和修复能力。苍耳属研究了对不同 NaCl 水平的反应的生长、解剖学和生理生化属性。对不同属性的比较说明揭示了三种生态型之间的性能差异。所有生态型的生物量都减少了，但与其他生态型相比，E _{1的生物量减少最少。}对照和 NaCl 处理的苍耳属植物的比较表明，与 E ₁和 E ₂相比，在 E ₃中在 T _{4下观察到的叶绿素}a和叶绿素b的减少最高 (96.3%) 。_{在 T 4下，在 E 2} (82.2%)中观察到类胡萝卜素的最大增加. 在所有具有 NaCl 水平和E _{3中的最大 Na} ⁺的生态型中，芽 Na ⁺相应增加。_{在 E 1中观察到 Cl} ^-离子的最小吸收。三种生态型的渗透保护剂在高 NaCl 水平下比对照植物高得多。与 E3 相比，E1 (76.82%) 和 E2 (45.35%) 的总可溶性糖显着增加。此外， X. strumarium的茎、叶和根发生了显着的解剖学变化在 NaCl 条件下生长的所有三种生态型中都观察到了 L.。E1生态型叶、根、茎维管束细胞面积大（119.23%）、（110.95%）、（56.34%）、表皮厚度（152.21%）、（187.40%）、（117.28%）分别为与 E2 和 E3 生态型相比。同样，与 E2 相比，E1 生态型在根厚壁细胞面积 (93.46%)、干表皮细胞面积 (246.66%)、干皮层细胞面积 (114.23%) 和干厚壁细胞面积 (92.5%) 方面的增加百分比最高和 E3 生态型。这些发现证实了同一植物不同生态型在研究属性变化方面的不同能力。总体而言，结果表明X. strumariumL. 承受了高 NaCl 胁迫 (150 mM)，并且可以成为盐渍土植物修复的生态友好来源。它可以作为未来植物适应性研究的基础。我们建议使用这种植物来恢复盐碱退化和边缘土壤。