Pesticides are extensively used in agricultural production, and their residues in soil, water, and agricultural products have become a threat to aquatic ecosystem. In this study, the toxicity of haloxyfop-p-methyl, an aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicide was studied using the model animal zebrafish. The development of zebrafish larvae was affected by haloxyfop-p-methyl including spinal deformities, decreased body length, slow heart rate, and large yolk sac area. Behavior analysis revealed that behavior activity of larvae was weakened significantly including shortened displacement distance, reduced swimming speed, increased angular speed winding degrees, in accordance with higher AChE activity. Besides, exposure to haloxyfop-p-methyl could induce oxidative stress companied by the increased intents of ROS, MDA and increased activities of CAT and SOD. In immunotoxicity, haloxyfop-p-methyl not only reduced the innate immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages, but also affected T cells mature in thymus. Furthermore, haloxyfop-p-methyl could induce neutrophils apoptosis, accompanied with the upregulation of the expression of proapoptotic protein such as Bax and P53 and the downregulation of the expression of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. In addition, haloxyfop-p-methyl could induce the expression of Jak, STAT and proinflammatory cytokine genes (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-8). These results indicate that haloxyfop-p-methyl induces developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, and immunotoxicity in zebrafish, providing a perspective on the toxicological mechanism of haloxyfop-p-methyl in teleosts.

农业生产中大量使用农药，其在土壤、水体和农产品中的残留已对水生生态系统构成威胁。在这项研究中，使用模型动物斑马鱼研究了氟草灵（一种芳氧基苯氧基丙酸酯除草剂）的毒性。氟禾草影响斑马鱼幼鱼的发育，包括脊柱畸形、体长缩短、心率减慢和卵黄囊面积增大。行为分析表明，随着乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的升高，幼虫的行为活性显着减弱，包括位移距离缩短、游动速度降低、角速度缠绕度增加等。此外，氟草灵暴露可诱发氧化应激，同时ROS、MDA活性增加，CAT和SOD活性增加。在免疫毒性方面，氟草灵不仅使中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞等先天免疫细胞减少，而且影响胸腺中T细胞的成熟。此外，氟草灵还可诱导中性粒细胞凋亡，并上调Bax、P53等促凋亡蛋白的表达，下调抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表达。此外，氟草灵还可以诱导 Jak、STAT 和促炎细胞因子基因（ IFN-γ、TNF-α和IL-8）的表达。这些结果表明，氟草灵对斑马鱼具有发育毒性、神经毒性和免疫毒性，为了解氟草灵对硬骨鱼的毒理学机制提供了新的视角。