Using a sample of 205,792 individuals in 70 countries with 39 languages, this paper presents novel empirical evidence for how a language's future time reference, defined as the requirement that speakers mark time in the future, affects a speaker's likelihood of engaging in social entrepreneurship. FTR subtly shapes a speaker's temporal orientation, such that speaking a futured language (i.e., strong FTR) favors a short-term orientation which positively affects the likelihood of being a social entrepreneur. Furthermore, institutional uncertainty arising from weakly entrenched institutions moderates this relationship. Individuals who speak futured languages in contexts characterized by regulatory institutional uncertainty (weak rule of law, weak property rights, and strong corruption) are more likely to engage in social entrepreneurship. Theoretical and practical implications and future research directions are discussed.

中文翻译：

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语言未来时间参考和制度不确定性对社会创业的跨文化影响

本文以 70 个国家的 205,792 人为样本，使用 39 种语言，为语言的未来时间参考如何提供新的经验证据，定义为演讲者在未来保持时间的要求，影响演讲者参与社会创业的可能性。FTR 巧妙地塑造了说话者的时间取向，因此说未来语言（即强 FTR）有利于短期取向，这对成为社会企业家的可能性产生积极影响。此外，由根深蒂固的制度引起的制度不确定性缓和了这种关系。在以监管制度不确定性（法治薄弱、产权薄弱和腐败严重）为特征的环境中使用未来语言的个人更有可能从事社会创业。讨论了理论和实践意义以及未来的研究方向。