ABSTRACT

Breathing techniques are predicted to affect specific physical and psychological states, such as relaxation or activation, that might benefit physical sport performance (PSP). Techniques include slow-paced breathing (SPB), fast-paced breathing (FBP), voluntary hyperventilation (VH), breath-holding (BH), and alternate- and uni-nostril breathing. A systematic literature search of six electronic databases was conducted in April 2022. Participants included were athletes and exercisers. In total, 37 studies were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review, and 36 were included in the five meta-analyses. Random effects meta-analyses for each breathing technique were computed separately for short-term and longer-term interventions. Results showed that SPB and BH were related to improved PSP, with large and small effect sizes for longer-term interventions, respectively. In short-term interventions, SPB, BH, and VH were unrelated to PSP. There was some evidence of publication bias for SPB and BH longer-term interventions, and 41% of the studies were coded as having a high risk of bias. Due to an insufficient number of studies, meta-analyses were not computed for other breathing techniques. Based on the heterogeneity observed in the findings, further research is required to investigate potential moderators and develop standardised breathing technique protocols that might help optimise PSP outcomes.

摘要

预计呼吸技术会影响特定的身体和心理状态，例如放松或激活，这可能有益于体育运动表现 (PSP)。技术包括慢节奏呼吸 (SPB)、快节奏呼吸 (FBP)、自主过度换气 (VH)、屏气 (BH) 以及交替和单鼻孔呼吸。2022 年 4 月对六个电子数据库进行了系统的文献检索。参与者包括运动员和锻炼者。总共有 37 项研究符合纳入系统评价的条件，36 项研究纳入了五项荟萃分析。针对短期和长期干预分别计算了每种呼吸技术的随机效应荟萃分析。结果表明，SPB 和 BH 与改善的 PSP 相关，分别具有较大和较小的长期干预效果。在短期干预中，SPB、BH 和 VH 与 PSP 无关。有一些证据表明 SPB 和 BH 长期干预存在发表偏倚，41% 的研究被编码为具有高偏倚风险。由于研究数量不足，未对其他呼吸技术进行荟萃分析。基于研究结果中观察到的异质性，需要进一步研究以调查潜在的调节剂并开发可能有助于优化 PSP 结果的标准化呼吸技术方案。由于研究数量不足，未对其他呼吸技术进行荟萃分析。基于研究结果中观察到的异质性，需要进一步研究以调查潜在的调节剂并开发可能有助于优化 PSP 结果的标准化呼吸技术方案。由于研究数量不足，未对其他呼吸技术进行荟萃分析。基于研究结果中观察到的异质性，需要进一步研究以调查潜在的调节剂并开发可能有助于优化 PSP 结果的标准化呼吸技术方案。