Investigation into the properties and structure of unstable nuclei far from stability is a key avenue of research in modern nuclear physics. These efforts are motivated by the continual observation of unexpected structure phenomena in nuclei with unusual proton-to-neutron ratios. In recent decades, laser spectroscopy techniques have made significant contributions in our understanding of exotic nuclei in different mass regions encompassing almost the entire nuclear chart. This is achieved through determining multiple fundamental properties of nuclear ground and isomeric states, such as nuclear spins, magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments and charge radii, via the measurement of hyperfine structures and isotope shifts in the atomic or ionic spectra of the nuclei of interest. These properties offer prominent tests of recently developed state-of-the-art nuclear theory and help to stimulate new developments in improving the many-body methods and nucleon–nucleon interactions at the core of these models. With the aim of exploring more exotic short-lived nuclei located ever closer to the proton and neutron driplines, laser spectroscopy techniques, with their continuous technological developments towards higher resolution and higher sensitivity, are extensively employed at current- and next-generation radioactive ion beam facilities worldwide. Ongoing efforts in parallel promise to improve the availability of these even more exotic species at next-generation facilities. Very recently, an innovative application of laser spectroscopy on molecules containing short-lived nuclei has been demonstrated offering additional opportunities for several fields of research, e.g. fundamental symmetry studies and astrophysics. In this review, the basic nuclear properties measurable with laser spectroscopy will be introduced. How these observables are associated with nuclear structure and nucleon–nucleon interactions will be discussed. Following this, a general overview of different laser spectroscopy methods will be given with particular emphasis on technical advancements reported in recent years. The main focus of this article is to review the numerous highlights that have resulted from studying exotic nuclei in different mass regions with laser spectroscopy techniques since the last edition in this series. Finally, the challenges facing the field in addition to future opportunities will be discussed.

研究远离稳定的不稳定核的性质和结构是现代核物理研究的重要途径。这些努力的动机是不断观察具有异常质子与中子比的原子核中意想不到的结构现象。近几十年来，激光光谱技术在我们理解几乎涵盖整个核图的不同质量区域中的奇异核方面做出了重大贡献。这是通过测量核基态和同分异构体的多个基本特性来实现的，例如核自旋、磁偶极子和电四极矩以及电荷半径，通过测量超精细结构和感兴趣核的原子或离子光谱中的同位素位移. 这些特性为最近发展起来的最先进的核理论提供了重要的检验，并有助于刺激在改进这些模型的核心的多体方法和核子-核子相互作用方面的新发展。为了探索更靠近质子和中子滴线的奇异短寿命原子核，激光光谱技术随着其向更高分辨率和更高灵敏度的不断技术发展，被广泛应用于当前和下一代放射性离子束世界各地的设施。同时正在进行的努力有望在下一代设施中提高这些更加外来物种的可用性。最近，激光光谱学在含有短寿命原子核的分子上的创新应用已被证明为几个研究领域提供了额外的机会，例如基本对称性研究和天体物理学。在这篇综述中，将介绍可通过激光光谱测量的基本核特性。将讨论这些可观测值如何与核结构和核子-核子相互作用相关联。在此之后，将对不同的激光光谱方法进行总体概述，并特别强调近年来报道的技术进步。本文的主要重点是回顾自本系列上一版以来使用激光光谱技术研究不同质量区域的奇异核所产生的众多亮点。最后，