To explore the molecular mechanisms of the antifungal compound phenazine-1-carboxamide (PCN) inhibits Rhizoctonia solani and discover potential targets of action, we performed an integrated analysis of transcriptome and metabolome in R. solani mycelium by whether PCN treating or not. A total of 511 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the PCN treatment and control groups. The fluorescence-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) got the accordant results of the gene expression trends for ten randomly selected DEGs. The Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that fatty acid metabolic process, fatty acid oxidation, and lipid oxidation were among the most enriched in the biological process category, while integral component of membrane, plasma membrane, and extracellular region were among the most enriched in the cellular component category and oxidoreductase activity, cofactor binding, and coenzyme binding were among the most enriched in the molecular function category. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed the most prominently enriched metabolic pathways included ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, nitrogen metabolism, aminobenzoate degradation. The DEGs related functions of cellular structures, cell membrane functions, cellular nutrition, vacuole-mitochondrion membrane contact site and ATPase activity, pH, anti-oxidation, were downregulated. A total of 466 differential metabolites were found between the PCN treatment and control groups after PCN treatment. KEGG enrichment found purine, arachidonic acid, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways were mainly affected. Further results proved PCN decreased the mycelial biomass and protein content of R. solani, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity reduced while peroxidase (POD) and cytochrome P450 activities increased. The molecule docking indicted that NADPH nitrite reductase, ATP-binding cassette transporter, alpha/beta hydrolase family domain-containing protein, and NADPH–cytochrome P450 reductase maybe the particular target of PCN. In conclusion, the mechanisms via which PCN inhibits R. solani AG1IA may be related to cell wall damage, cell membrane impairment, intracellular nutrient imbalance, disturbed antioxidant system, and altered intracellular pH, which laid foundation for the further new compound designing to improve antifungal efficacy.

中文翻译：

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转录组学和代谢组学分析揭示了化合物吩嗪-1-甲酰胺对立枯丝核菌 AG1IA 的抗真菌机制

探索抗真菌化合物吩嗪-1-甲酰胺 (PCN) 抑制的分子机制立枯丝核菌并发现潜在的作用靶点，我们对转录组和代谢组进行了综合分析R. solaniPCN 处理与否对菌丝体的影响。在 PCN 治疗组和对照组之间共鉴定出 511 个差异表达基因 (DEG)。基于荧光的定量 PCR (qPCR) 得到了随机选择的 10 个 DEG 的基因表达趋势的一致结果。基因本体（GO）富集分析显示，脂肪酸代谢过程、脂肪酸氧化和脂质氧化在生物过程类别中最富集，而膜、质膜和细胞外区域的整体成分最富集在细胞成分类别和氧化还原酶活性中，辅因子结合和辅酶结合在分子功能类别中最丰富。KEGG 富集分析显示最显着富集的代谢途径包括 ATP 结合盒 (ABC) 转运蛋白、氮代谢、氨基苯甲酸降解。DEGs 与细胞结构、细胞膜功能、细胞营养、液泡-线粒体膜接触位点和 ATP 酶活性、pH 值、抗氧化等功能相关的功能被下调。在 PCN 处理后，PCN 处理组和对照组之间共发现了 466 种差异代谢物。KEGG富集发现嘌呤、花生四烯酸和苯丙素生物合成途径主要受到影响。进一步的结果证明 PCN 降低了菌丝体生物量和蛋白质含量 细胞营养、液泡-线粒体膜接触位点和 ATP 酶活性、pH 值、抗氧化作用下调。在 PCN 处理后，PCN 处理组和对照组之间共发现了 466 种差异代谢物。KEGG富集发现嘌呤、花生四烯酸和苯丙素生物合成途径主要受到影响。进一步的结果证明 PCN 降低了菌丝体生物量和蛋白质含量 细胞营养、液泡-线粒体膜接触位点和 ATP 酶活性、pH 值、抗氧化作用下调。在 PCN 处理后，PCN 处理组和对照组之间共发现了 466 种差异代谢物。KEGG富集发现嘌呤、花生四烯酸和苯丙素生物合成途径主要受到影响。进一步的结果证明 PCN 降低了菌丝体生物量和蛋白质含量R. solani和超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD) 活性降低，而过氧化物酶 (POD) 和细胞色素 P450 活性增加。分子对接表明，NADPH 亚硝酸盐还原酶、ATP 结合盒转运蛋白、α/β 水解酶家族结构域蛋白和 NADPH-细胞色素 P450 还原酶可能是 PCN 的特定靶标。总之，机制通过哪个 PCN 抑制R. solaniAG1IA可能与细胞壁损伤、细胞膜损伤、细胞内营养失衡、抗氧化系统紊乱、细胞内pH值改变有关，为进一步设计新化合物以提高抗真菌药效奠定了基础。