The severe aggregation property of the small molecule electron-transporting layer (ETL) not only deteriorates the photovoltaic performance and operational reliability but also constrains its compatibility with large-scale coating techniques. Herein, by applying N,N′-Bis{3-[3-(Dimethylamino)propylamino]propyl}perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide (PDINN) (a well-known ETL) as a demo, a solvent-induced anti-aggregation (SIAA) strategy is proposed to cope with these hurdles via the mixing of ethanol and trifluoroethanol solvents at an optimal volume ratio. In situ photoluminescence and dynamic light scattering synergistically reveals the suppressed aggregation behavior of the SIAA-treated PDINN dispersion during the film-forming process. Owing to this amendment, the film quality and electron-transport capability of the PDINN layer are remarkably enhanced. In consequence, based on the PM6:L8-BO system, a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.0% together with an impressive fill factor of 80.6% is harvested. A 1 cm² device with an excellent PCE of 16.6% is also fabricated using the doctor-blading SIAA-treated PDINN ink. More strikingly, this SIAA treatment impels better reliability under long-term shelf-lifetime and thermal stress periods. This work provides a promising and tractable approach to address the inherent self-aggregation issue of electron-transporting materials, which is beneficial for the development of efficient and stable organic optoelectronic devices.

中文翻译：

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溶剂诱导的小分子电子传输层抗聚集演变，用于高效、可扩展和稳健的有机太阳能电池

小分子电子传输层（ETL）严重的聚集特性不仅降低了光伏性能和运行可靠性，而且限制了其与大规模涂层技术的相容性。本文以N,N'-Bis{3-[3-(Dimethylamino)propylamino]propyl}perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide (PDINN)（众所周知的ETL）为例，提出了溶剂诱导的抗聚集（SIAA）策略，通过以最佳体积比混合乙醇和三氟乙醇溶剂来应对这些障碍。原位光致发光和动态光散射协同揭示了 SIAA 处理的 PDINN 分散体在成膜过程中的抑制聚集行为。由于这项修订，PDINN层的薄膜质量和电子传输能力显着增强。因此，基于 PM6:L8-BO 系统，获得了 19.0% 的冠军功率转换效率 (PCE) 和令人印象深刻的 80.6% 的填充因数。一个 1 厘米² 的设备具有 16.6% 的出色 PCE，也是使用刮刀 SIAA 处理的 PDINN 墨水制造的。更引人注目的是，这种 SIAA 处理在长期保质期和热应力期间提高了可靠性。这项工作为解决电子传输材料固有的自聚集问题提供了一种有前途且易于处理的方法，有利于开发高效稳定的有机光电器件。