Despite burgeoning research on representative bureaucracy theory, there is limited examination of how environmental contexts shape the manner in which the demographic makeup of a bureaucracy is linked to distributional bureaucratic outcomes. Scholars in the field of social psychology, however, have suggested that community-level variation in the pervasiveness of biases against particular social groups helps to explain inequitable outcomes in such diverse settings as education, policing, and health care. Incorporating social psychology research into representative bureaucracy theory, this paper examines how community racial biases shape the association between the demographic makeup of an organization’s personnel and its bureaucratic outcomes. Using county-level implicit and explicit bias measures that are estimated by multilevel regression and poststratification (MRP) based on a dataset containing more than 1.2 million respondents, we find that more inequitable educational outcomes occur for Black students in counties where White residents hold stronger anti-Black biases. Our findings also suggest that while Black teachers are associated with more favorable outcomes for Black students in the zero-sum context of assignment to gifted classes, the association of outcomes with passive representation is more limited in counties with strong racial biases. By accounting for the racial biases exhibited in the communities where both clients and bureaucrats are socially and culturally embedded, this paper extends our understanding of how contextual factors shape the nature of bureaucratic representation.

中文翻译：

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种族、地方和代表官僚机构：社区偏见重要吗？,种族、地方和代表官僚机构：社区偏见重要吗？

尽管对代表性官僚机构理论的研究正在蓬勃发展，但对于环境背景如何塑造官僚机构的人口构成与分配官僚机构结果相关联的方式的研究有限。然而，社会心理学领域的学者认为，社区层面对特定社会群体普遍存在的偏见差异有助于解释教育、警务和医疗保健等不同环境中的不公平结果。本文将社会心理学研究纳入代表性官僚主义理论，探讨社区种族偏见如何塑造组织人员的人口构成与其官僚主义结果之间的关联。使用基于包含超过 120 万受访者的数据集通过多级回归和后分层 (MRP) 估计的县级隐式和显式偏差测量，我们发现在白人居民持有更强烈反对意见的县中，黑人学生的教育结果更不公平-黑色偏见。我们的研究结果还表明，虽然黑人教师在分配给天才班级的零和环境中与黑人学生获得更有利的结果相关，但在种族偏见强烈的县，结果与被动代表的关联更为有限。通过考虑客户和官僚在社会和文化上都嵌入的社区中表现出的种族偏见，,尽管对代表性官僚机构理论的研究正在蓬勃发展，但对于环境背景如何塑造官僚机构的人口构成与分配官僚机构结果相关联的方式的研究有限。然而，社会心理学领域的学者认为，社区层面对特定社会群体普遍存在的偏见差异有助于解释教育、警务和医疗保健等不同环境中的不公平结果。本文将社会心理学研究纳入代表性官僚主义理论，探讨社区种族偏见如何塑造组织人员的人口构成与其官僚主义结果之间的关联。使用基于包含超过 120 万受访者的数据集通过多级回归和后分层 (MRP) 估计的县级隐式和显式偏差测量，我们发现在白人居民持有更强烈反对意见的县中，黑人学生的教育结果更不公平-黑色偏见。我们的研究结果还表明，虽然黑人教师在分配给天才班级的零和环境中与黑人学生获得更有利的结果相关，但在种族偏见强烈的县，结果与被动代表的关联更为有限。通过考虑客户和官僚在社会和文化上都嵌入的社区中表现出的种族偏见，