Size reduction and skull shape parallelism following the evolutionary forest-to-savanna transition in Platyrrhini monkeys,American Journal of Primatology

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Size reduction and skull shape parallelism following the evolutionary forest-to-savanna transition in Platyrrhini monkeys
American Journal of Primatology ( IF 2.0 ) Pub Date : 2022-10-31 , DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23447
Nilton Cáceres ₁ , Felipe O Cerezer ₂ , Jamile Bubadué _{2,

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Affiliation

There are strong physiological and behavioral differences that allow animals to live in forests versus savannas. For example, terrestrial forest-dwelling mammals tend to be small compared to species living in savannas. Robust capuchin monkeys (genus Sapajus) are widespread in tropical South America, occurring in both forest and savanna environments, with forest species considered basal in an evolutionary context. Whether or not skull shape and size variations are associated with variation in resource use remains unknown, particularly for the two species living in savanna (Sapajus libidinosus and S. cay). Here we show that savanna species present convergent size and skull characteristics that may facilitate living in this new environment. Geometric morphometric methods were used to assess skull size and shape variation for 184 Sapajus specimens distributed across South America. We used phylogenetic generalized least squares to test size against environmental variables and multivariate morphological trajectories/partial least square analyses on the skull shape to detect shape differences in specimens between forest and savanna biomes. Our findings reveal Sapajus size reduction in the evolutionary transition from forest to savanna, a process related to increasing seasonality. Moreover, we found morphological parallelism in the skull (e.g., muzzle shortening) and (large) molars in the two savanna species, features that may facilitate the processing of harder food such as fallback resources. We associate these phenotypic differences to the evolutionary process of colonizing the savannas by primates (including early hominins), leading to morphological adaptations to tolerate stressful, seasonal environments, such as body size reduction and ingestion and mastication of tough foods.

中文翻译：

Platyrrhini 猴子从森林到稀树草原的进化过渡后尺寸减小和头骨形状平行

有强烈的生理和行为差异，使动物能够生活在森林和热带草原中。例如，与生活在稀树草原中的物种相比，栖息在森林中的陆生哺乳动物往往体型较小。健壮的卷尾猴（Sapajus属）广泛分布于热带南美洲，出现在森林和稀树草原环境中，森林物种在进化背景下被认为是基础物种。头骨形状和大小的变化是否与资源利用的变化相关仍然未知，特别是对于生活在热带稀树草原的两个物种（Sapajus libidinosus和S. cay). 在这里，我们展示了稀树草原物种呈现出趋同的大小和头骨特征，这可能有助于在这个新环境中生活。几何形态学方法用于评估分布在南美洲的 184 个Sapajus标本的头骨大小和形状变化。我们使用系统发育广义最小二乘法来测试环境变量的大小和头骨形状的多元形态轨迹/偏最小二乘法分析，以检测森林和稀树草原生物群落之间标本的形状差异。我们的发现揭示了 Sapajus从森林到稀树草原的进化过渡中尺寸减小，这一过程与季节性增加有关。此外，我们在两个稀树草原物种的头骨（例如，枪口缩短）和（大）臼齿中发现了形态平行性，这些特征可能有助于处理更硬的食物，例如后备资源。我们将这些表型差异与灵长类动物（包括早期人科动物）在稀树草原殖民的进化过程联系起来，导致形态适应以承受压力、季节性环境，例如体型缩小以及摄入和咀嚼坚硬的食物。

更新日期：2022-10-31

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