The crime of aggression requires that the perpetrator be in a position effectively to exercise control over—or to direct—the political or military action of a state. This requirement, called the “leadership clause,” has led to the view that private individuals are excluded from criminal responsibility because they lack the necessary authority over the state policy. In this Essay, I argue against this dominant view and outline an analytical framework for criminal complicity in a war of aggression.

中文翻译：

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个人对侵略战争共谋的责任

侵略罪要求犯罪者能够有效地控制或指挥一国的政治或军事行动。这一被称为“领导条款”的要求导致了这样一种观点，即个人被排除在刑事责任之外，因为他们缺乏对国家政策的必要权力。在这篇文章中，我反对这种主流观点，并概述了侵略战争中犯罪同谋的分析框架。