Plant viruses represented by tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) are hard to control due to the characteristics of wide hosts and difficulties to be inactivated in vitro. The discovery of candidates to damage the virus directly, and elicitors to induce plant resistances are important strategies against TMV. This study aims to identify new candidates from the title plants as biopesticides in controlling TMV. Herein, vanillic acid (6) and its new amide derivative, nigeroate (1), and seven known ones were discovered from the seeds of Hyoscyamus niger L. Compound 1, elucidated by spectral methods, was synthesized by two steps for industrial application in agriculture as a new elicitor. Compared with ningnanmycin, compound 1 appeared higher curative efficacies against TMV with the inhibitory rates of 58.00% and 69.14% at 250 and 500 μg/mL, respectively, while compound 6 displayed higher inactivation and protective efficacies with the inhibitory rates of 47.30–79.71% and 43.28–63.87% at 125–500 μg/mL, respectively. Compound 6 could destroy TMV particles into small fragments dramatically by decreasing the transcription level of TMV-CP gene, while compound 1 just broke the TMV particles slightly, and was no influence on TMV-CP gene. Interestingly, compound 1 induced potent hypersensitive response (HR), and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) activities (53.82% at 500 μg/mL) in tobaccos. The accumulation of H₂O₂ by activating SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase), as well as POD (peroxidase) was the mechanism of compound 1 induced HR. The SAR induced by compound 1 was referred to upregulate SA (salicylic acid) by activating PAL (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) pathway, ICS (isochorismate synthase) pathway, as well as PR (pathogenesis-related) proteins due to the increasement of PAL enzyme, and PAL, ICS1, NPR1, PR1, and PR2 transcription levels. Thus, vanillic acid (6) and its new amide derivative (1) could be developed as antiviral agents and plant immune elicitors for biopesticides in controlling TMV, respectively.

以烟草花叶病毒（TMV）为代表的植物病毒由于宿主广泛、体外灭活困难等特点，难以控制。发现直接破坏病毒的候选物和诱导植物抗性的诱导剂是对抗 TMV 的重要策略。本研究旨在从标题植物中确定新的候选物作为控制 TMV 的生物农药。在此，从天仙子的种子中发现了香草酸（6）及其新的酰胺衍生物黑酸酯（1 ），以及已知的七种。化合物1，通过光谱方法阐明，通过两步合成，作为一种新的引发剂在农业中工业化应用。与宁南霉素相比，化合物1在250和500 μg/mL时对TMV的抑制率分别为58.00%和69.14%，而化合物6显示出更高的灭活和保护作用，抑制率分别为47.30-79.71%和 43.28-63.87%，分别为 125-500 μg/mL。化合物6可以通过降低TMV-CP基因的转录水平将TMV颗粒显着破坏成小片段，而化合物1只是稍微破坏了TMV颗粒，对TMV-CP没有影响基因。有趣的是，化合物1在烟草中诱导了强效过敏反应(HR) 和全身获得性抗性 (SAR) 活性（500 μg/mL 时为 53.82%）。通过激活SOD（超氧化物歧化酶）、CAT（过氧化氢酶）以及POD（过氧化物酶）来积累H ₂ O _{2是化合物}1诱导HR的机制。由化合物1诱导的SAR被称为通过激活PAL（苯丙氨酸解氨酶）途径、ICS（异分支酸合酶）途径以及由于PAL酶的增加而导致PR（发病机制相关）蛋白上调SA（水杨酸） , 和PAL , ICS1 , NPR1 , PR1和PR2转录水平。因此，香草酸 ( 6 ) 及其新的酰胺衍生物 ( 1 ) 可分别开发为用于控制 TMV 的生物农药的抗病毒剂和植物免疫诱导剂。