Recent studies by Safarian et al. and Kim show that carbothermic smelting processes for SiMn alloys proceed by multiple reactions consisting of oxidation of carbon, simultaneous reduction of MnO and SiO₂ species, and distribution of Mn and Si elements between slag and alloy. A consideration of reaction equilibrium shows that the smelting reaction system is described by the reaction of carbon oxidation and that of distribution of Mn and Si. The distribution reaction with respect to SiMn alloy and slag is described by the following, \({2}\left( {{\text{MnO}}} \right) + \left[ {{\text{Si}}} \right] = {2}\left[ {{\text{Mn}}} \right] + \left( {{\text{SiO}}_{{2}} } \right),\)where oxide species in parenthesis indicate in solution of slag and elements in square brackets in solution of carbon saturated SiMn alloy. The present investigation of chemical analyses of alloy and slag taken from laboratory experiment by Swinbourne et al. and industrial smelting operation shows that the distribution reaction system is univariant for carbon saturated SiMn alloy, and the distribution reaction equilibrium is specified with temperature. As it is driven by reducing reactions, the distribution reaction equilibrium is established as either chemically or electrochemically depending on the characteristic of reducing reactions. For smelting of SiMn alloy with the standard grade composition, the chemical equilibrium is established at 1600 °C. At temperatures lower than 1600 °C, carbon at the interface of alloy and slag is oxidized by free oxygen ion, O²⁻, in slag at the gas phase pressure of P_CO = 1 atm, and the electrochemical equilibrium is attained.

Safarian等人最近的研究。和 Kim 表明，SiMn 合金的碳热熔炼过程通过多个反应进行，包括碳的氧化、MnO 和 SiO ₂物种的同时还原以及 Mn 和 Si 元素在熔渣和合金之间的分布。考虑反应平衡可知，冶炼反应体系是由碳氧化反应和Mn、Si分布反应来描述的。硅锰合金和炉渣的分布反应由下式描述：\({2}\left( {{\text{MnO}}} \right) + \left[ {{\text{Si}}} \右] = {2}\left[ {{\text{Mn}}} \right] + \left( {{\text{SiO}}_{{2}} } \right),\)其中括号中的氧化物表示在炉渣溶液中，方括号中的元素表示在碳饱和的 SiMn 合金溶液中。Swinbourne等人对来自实验室实验的合金和熔渣的化学分析的现状调查. 工业冶炼操作表明，碳饱和SiMn合金的分布反应体系是一元的，分布反应平衡与温度有关。由于它是由还原反应驱动的，因此分布反应平衡根据还原反应的特性以化学或电化学方式建立。对于具有标准等级成分的 SiMn 合金的熔炼，化学平衡建立在 1600 °C。在低于 1600 ℃的温度下，在P _CO = 1 atm的气相压力下，合金和熔渣界面处的碳被熔渣中的游离氧离子 O ^2-氧化， 达到电化学平衡。