腐植酸 (HA) 是天然有机聚合物,广泛分布于陆地土壤、天然水和沉积物中。由于其优异的物理和化学性质,HA具有突出的商业价值并被广泛应用于各种应用。然而,HAs的分子结构仍不清楚,并受不同来源、时间和环境的影响。此外,从褐煤中提取 HA 已不能满足其当前的市场需求。因此,从储量丰富的生物质中制备 HA 是增加生物质价值的有前景的策略。在此,我们全面回顾了 HAs 的研究现状,从形成理论到结构特性和潜在应用。特别是生物质的人工腐殖化方法,包括好氧堆肥、催化/氧化、和水热技术突出。目前,现有报道工作中生物质废物腐殖化工艺的主流技术是堆肥和水热技术。迄今为止,通过堆肥和水热技术生产的 HA 的最高产量分别为 94.97 g/kg 和 43.5%。其中,水热法被认为是一种新型的加速腐殖化技术,可合成达到商业HA标准的HA。最后对合成HAs技术存在的问题进行了总结并对未来的发展进行了展望。据我们所知,这是第一次详细回顾通过生物和非生物转化从生物质材料制备 HA。在现有报告的工作中,生物质废物腐殖化过程的主流技术是堆肥和水热技术。迄今为止,通过堆肥和水热技术生产的 HA 的最高产量分别为 94.97 g/kg 和 43.5%。其中,水热法被认为是一种新型的加速腐殖化技术,可合成达到商业HA标准的HA。最后对合成HAs技术存在的问题进行了总结并对未来的发展进行了展望。据我们所知,这是第一次详细回顾通过生物和非生物转化从生物质材料制备 HA。在现有报告的工作中,生物质废物腐殖化过程的主流技术是堆肥和水热技术。迄今为止,通过堆肥和水热技术生产的 HA 的最高产量分别为 94.97 g/kg 和 43.5%。其中,水热法被认为是一种新型的加速腐殖化技术,可合成达到商业HA标准的HA。最后对合成HAs技术存在的问题进行了总结并对未来的发展进行了展望。据我们所知,这是第一次详细回顾通过生物和非生物转化从生物质材料制备 HA。其中,水热法被认为是一种新型的加速腐殖化技术,可合成达到商业HA标准的HA。最后对合成HAs技术存在的问题进行了总结并对未来的发展进行了展望。据我们所知,这是第一次详细回顾通过生物和非生物转化从生物质材料制备 HA。其中,水热法被认为是一种新型的加速腐殖化技术,可合成达到商业HA标准的HA。最后对合成HAs技术存在的问题进行了总结并对未来的发展进行了展望。据我们所知,这是第一次详细回顾通过生物和非生物转化从生物质材料制备 HA。
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A comprehensive review on biomass humification: Recent advances in pathways, challenges, new applications, and perspectives
Humic acids (HAs) are natural organic polymers that are widely distributed in terrestrial soils, natural water, and sediments. Due to their excellent physical and chemical properties, HAs have outstanding commercial value and are used in a wide range of applications. However, the molecular structure of HAs is still unclear and is affected by different sources, time, and environment. Moreover, the extraction of HAs from lignite can no longer meet its current market demand. Therefore, the preparation of HAs from reserve-rich biomass is a promising strategy to add value to biomass. Herein, we comprehensively review the current status of research on HAs, from formation theory to structural properties and potential applications. In particular, artificial humification methods of biomass, including aerobic composting, catalytic/oxidation, and hydrothermal technology are highlighted. Nowadays, the mainstream technologies for biomass waste humification processes in the available reported work is composting and hydrothermal technologies. The highest yields of HAs produced until now by composting and hydrothermal technology were 94.97 g/kg and 43.5%, respectively. Among these, the hydrothermal method is considered a novel accelerated humification technology, synthesizing HAs up to the standard of commercial HAs. Finally, the problems of synthetic HAs technology are summarized and future development has prospected. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first detailed review of the preparation of HAs from biomass materials by biotic and abiotic conversion.