Carbon fiber (CF) is undoubtedly the structural material of the 21st century, but its usage remains limited to niche applications and high-value products due to its high production cost. Of the many challenges to reducing the cost of CF, low-cost precursors from renewable resources are a promising approach, simultaneously addressing both cost and sustainability. This paper, therefore, focusses on the challenges of manufacturing CF from lignin, cellulose, and blends thereof, with respect to spinning, stabilization, and carbonization. Strategies which address these challenges, including improving spinnability, increasing yield and the rate of stabilization, reducing fiber fusion, and optimizing the graphitic structure, are all discussed. Advanced bio-based precursors Lyocell, Ioncell® and emerging blended fibers are also introduced, including a discussion on their transformation into a new class of sustainable CF.

碳纤维 (CF) 无疑是 21 世纪的结构材料，但由于其高生产成本，其用途仍仅限于小众应用和高价值产品。在降低 CF 成本的众多挑战中，来自可再生资源的低成本前体是一种很有前途的方法，同时解决了成本和可持续性问题。因此，本文重点讨论了从木质素、纤维素及其混合物制造碳纤维在纺丝、稳定和碳化方面的挑战。讨论了应对这些挑战的策略，包括提高可纺性、提高产量和稳定率、减少纤维融合以及优化石墨结构。还介绍了先进的生物基前体 Lyocell、Ioncell® 和新兴的混合纤维，