Anthropogenic carbon emissions have the potential to trigger changes in climate and ecosystems that would be catastrophic for the well-being of humans and other species. Widespread shifts in production and consumption patterns are urgently needed to address climate change. Although transnational agreements and national policy are necessary for a transition to a fully decarbonized global economy, fluctuating political priorities and lobbying by vested interests have slowed these efforts. Against this backdrop, bottom-up pressure from social movements and shifting social norms may offer a complementary path to a more sustainable economy. Furthermore, norm change may be an important component of decarbonization policies by accelerating or strengthening the impacts of other demand-side measures. Individual actions and policy support are social processes-they are intimately linked to expectations about the actions and beliefs of others. Although prevailing social norms often reinforce the status quo and unsustainable development pathways, social dynamics can also create widespread and rapid shifts in cultural values and practices, including increasing pressure on politicians to enact ambitious policy. We synthesize literature on social-norm influence, measurement, and change from the perspectives of psychology, anthropology, sociology, and economics. We discuss the opportunities and challenges for the use of social-norm and social-tipping interventions to promote climate action. Social-norm interventions aimed at addressing climate change or other social dilemmas are promising but no panacea. They require in-depth contextual knowledge, ethical consideration, and situation-specific tailoring and testing to understand whether they can be effectively implemented at scale. Our review aims to provide practitioners with insights and tools to reflect on the promises and pitfalls of such interventions in diverse contexts.

中文翻译：

---

扩大变革：利用社会规范促进气候行动的批判性审查和实用指南。

人为碳排放有可能引发气候和生态系统的变化，这将对人类和其他物种的福祉造成灾难性影响。为应对气候变化，迫切需要广泛转变生产和消费模式。尽管跨国协议和国家政策对于向完全脱碳的全球经济过渡是必要的，但波动的政治优先事项和既得利益集团的游说减缓了这些努力。在这种背景下，来自社会运动和不断变化的社会规范的自下而上的压力可能会为更可持续的经济提供补充途径。此外，通过加速或加强其他需求方措施的影响，规范变化可能成为脱碳政策的重要组成部分。个人行动和政策支持是社会过程——它们与对他人行动和信仰的期望密切相关。尽管盛行的社会规范通常会强化现状和不可持续的发展途径，但社会动态也可能导致文化价值观和实践发生广泛而迅速的转变，包括对政治家施加更大压力以制定雄心勃勃的政策。我们从心理学、人类学、社会学和经济学的角度综合了关于社会规范影响、衡量和变化的文献。我们讨论了使用社会规范和社会小费干预措施来促进气候行动的机遇和挑战。旨在解决气候变化或其他社会困境的社会规范干预措施是有希望的，但不是灵丹妙药。他们需要深入的背景知识，道德考虑，以及针对具体情况的剪裁和测试，以了解它们是否可以有效地大规模实施。我们的审查旨在为从业者提供见解和工具，以反映在不同背景下此类干预措施的承诺和陷阱。