Conductive hydrogels that are highly elastic, fatigue resistant and environmentally adaptive are promising materials in the fields of wearable electronics, bioelectronics and soft robotics. However, these materials are challenging to develop, especially for use in harsh environments including organic solvents and extreme temperatures. Here we report a simple method for the fabrication of highly compressible and fatigue-resistant conductive hydrogels with reinforced-concrete-type constituents and high-tortuosity interconnected cellular architecture through a self-assembly and two-stage in situ polymerization process. The obtained composites exhibit excellent mechanical compressibility with negligible residual strain at 50% strain for >10⁴ cyclic loadings both in air and water. Due to the structure-favoured anisotropic response to tensile deformations coupled with elastic recovery, the hydrogel is endowed with sensing dimensions which allow the direction and velocity of movement on the sensor surface to be distinguished. In addition, by interpenetrating with an oleophilic polymer network, highly elastic and adaptive organohydrogels are developed with outstanding sensing performance in a wide variety of organic solvents and cryogenic temperatures. These materials may therefore be suitable for use in flexible and wearable devices in harsh environments.

具有高弹性、抗疲劳和环境适应性的导电水凝胶是可穿戴电子学、生物电子学和软机器人领域的有前途的材料。然而，这些材料的开发具有挑战性，特别是在包括有机溶剂和极端温度在内的恶劣环境中使用。在这里，我们报告了一种简单的方法，用于通过自组装和两阶段原位聚合过程制造具有增强混凝土型成分和高曲折度互连蜂窝结构的高度可压缩和抗疲劳的导电水凝胶。^{所获得的复合材料表现出优异的机械压缩性，在 >10 4}的 50% 应变下残余应变可忽略不计空气和水中的循环载荷。由于结构有利的对拉伸变形的各向异性响应与弹性恢复相结合，水凝胶具有传感尺寸，可以区分传感器表面的运动方向和速度。此外，通过与亲油聚合物网络的互穿，开发了高弹性和自适应的有机水凝胶，在各种有机溶剂和低温下具有出色的传感性能。因此，这些材料可能适用于恶劣环境中的柔性和可穿戴设备。