Urease is an amidohydrolase enzyme that is responsible for fatal morbidities in the human body, such as catheter encrustation, encephalopathy, peptic ulcers, hepatic coma, kidney stone formation, and many others. In recent years, scientists have devoted considerable efforts to the quest for efficient urease inhibitors. In the pharmaceutical chemistry, the thiourea skeleton plays a vital role. Thus, the present work focused on the development and discovery of novel urease inhibitors and reported the synthesis of a set of 1-aroyl-3-[3-chloro-2-methylphenyl] thiourea hybrids with aliphatic and aromatic side chains 4a–j. The compounds were characterized by different analytical techniques including FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, and ¹³C-NMR, and were evaluated for in-vitro enzyme inhibitory activity against jack bean urease (JBU), where they were found to be potent anti-urease inhibitors and the inhibitory activity IC₅₀ was found in the range of 0.0019 ± 0.0011 to 0.0532 ± 0.9951 μM as compared to the standard thiourea (IC₅₀ = 4.7455 ± 0.0545 μM). Other studies included density functional theory (DFT), antioxidant radical scavenging assay, physicochemical properties (ADMET properties), molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. All compounds were found to be more active than the standard, with compound 4i exhibiting the greatest JBU enzyme inhibition (IC₅₀ value of 0.0019± 0.0011 µM). The kinetics of enzyme inhibition revealed that compound 4i exhibited non-competitive inhibition with a Ki value of 0.0003 µM. The correlation between DFT experiments with a modest HOMO-LUMO energy gap and biological data was optimal. These recently identified urease enzyme inhibitors may serve as a starting point for future research and development.

中文翻译：

---

1-Aroyl-3-[3-chloro-2-methylphenyl] 硫脲杂化物作为有效脲酶抑制剂的分析：合成、生化评价和计算方法

脲酶是一种酰胺水解酶，可导致人体内的致命疾病，例如导管结痂、脑病、消化性溃疡、肝昏迷、肾结石形成等。近年来，科学家们为寻找高效的脲酶抑制剂付出了相当大的努力。在药物化学中，硫脲骨架起着至关重要的作用。因此，目前的工作集中在新型脲酶抑制剂的开发和发现上，并报道了一组具有脂肪族和芳香族侧链4a - j的 1-aroyl-3-[3-chloro-2-methylphenyl] 硫脲杂化物的合成。通过不同的分析技术对化合物进行表征，包括 FT-IR、¹ H-NMR 和¹³13C-NMR，并评估了对杰克豆脲酶 (JBU) 的体外酶抑制活性，发现它们是有效的抗脲酶抑制剂，抑制活性 IC ₅₀的范围为 0.0019 ± 0.0011 至 0.0532 ± 0.9951 μM，与标准硫脲相比 (IC ₅₀ = 4.7455 ± 0.0545 μM)。其他研究包括密度泛函理论 (DFT)、抗氧化自由基清除测定、物理化学特性 (ADMET 特性)、分子对接和分子动力学模拟。发现所有化合物的活性都高于标准品，其中化合物4i表现出最大的 JBU 酶抑制作用（IC ₅₀值为 0.0019± 0.0011 µM）。酶抑制动力学表明化合物4i表现出非竞争性抑制，Ki值为 0.0003 µM。具有适度 HOMO-LUMO 能隙的 DFT 实验与生物数据之间的相关性是最佳的。这些最近发现的脲酶抑制剂可以作为未来研究和开发的起点。