This paper is a review of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) project and model. IRI is recognized as the official standard for the Earth's ionosphere by the International Standardization Organization, the International Union of Radio Science, the Committee on Space Research, and the European Cooperation for Space Standardization. As requested by these organizations, IRI is an empirical (data-based) model representing the primary ionospheric parameters based on the long data record that exists from ground and space observations of the ionosphere. The core model describes monthly averages of the electron density, electron temperature, ion temperature, and ion composition globally in the altitude range from 60 to 2,000 km. Over time additional parameters were added in response to requests from the user community, this includes the equatorial ion drift, the occurrence probability of spread-F and of an F1 layer, auroral boundaries and the electron content from the bottom of the ionosphere to user-specified altitude. IRI has undergone extensive validations and is used for a wide range of applications in science, engineering, and education. This review is the result of many requests we have received for a comprehensive description of the model. It is also meant as a guide for users who are interested in a deeper understanding of the model architecture and its mathematical formalism.

中文翻译：

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国际参考电离层模型：电离层基准的回顾和描述

本文是对国际参考电离层 (IRI) 项目和模型的回顾。IRI 被国际标准化组织、国际无线电科学联盟、空间研究委员会和欧洲空间标准化合作组织认定为地球电离层的官方标准。根据这些组织的要求，IRI 是一个经验（基于数据）模型，它基于来自地面和空间电离层观测的长数据记录来表示主要的电离层参数。核心模型描述了 60 至 2,000 公里高度范围内全球电子密度、电子温度、离子温度和离子组成的月平均值。随着时间的推移，为了响应用户社区的请求，添加了额外的参数，这包括赤道离子漂移、扩散F和F1层的发生概率、极光边界以及从电离层底部到用户指定高度的电子含量。IRI 已经过广泛的验证，并用于科学、工程和教育领域的广泛应用。这次审查是我们收到的许多要求对模型进行全面描述的结果。它也可以作为对更深入地了解模型架构及其数学形式感兴趣的用户的指南。工程和教育。这次审查是我们收到的许多要求对模型进行全面描述的结果。它也可以作为对更深入地了解模型架构及其数学形式感兴趣的用户的指南。工程和教育。这次审查是我们收到的许多要求对模型进行全面描述的结果。它也可以作为对更深入地了解模型架构及其数学形式感兴趣的用户的指南。