One-dimensional (1D) SiO₂ nanofibers (SNFs), one of the most popular inorganic nanomaterials, have aroused widespread attention because of their excellent chemical stability, as well as unique optical and thermal characteristics. Electrospinning is a straightforward and versatile method to prepare 1D SNFs with programmable structures, manageable dimensions, and modifiable properties, which hold great potential in many cutting-edge applications including aerospace, nanodevice, and energy. In this review, substantial advances in the structural design, controllable synthesis, and multifunctional applications of electrospun SNFs are highlighted. We begin with a brief introduction to the fundamental principles, available raw materials, and typical apparatus of electrospun SNFs. We then discuss the strategies for preparing SNFs with diverse structures in detail, especially stressing the newly emerging three-dimensional SiO₂ nanofibrous aerogels. We continue with focus on major breakthroughs about brittleness-to-flexibility transition of SNFs and the means to achieve their mechanical reinforcement. In addition, we showcase recent applications enabled by electrospun SNFs, with particular emphasis on physical protection, health care and water treatment. In the end, we summarize this review and provide some perspectives on the future development direction of electrospun SNFs.

一维（1D）SiO ₂纳米纤维（SNF）是最流行的无机纳米材料之一，因其优异的化学稳定性以及独特的光学和热特性而引起了广泛的关注。静电纺丝是一种简单且通用的方法，可制备具有可编程结构、可管理尺寸和可修改性能的一维 SNF，其在航空航天、纳米器件和能源等许多尖端应用中具有巨大潜力。在这篇综述中，重点介绍了电纺 SNF 在结构设计、可控合成和多功能应用方面的重大进展。我们首先简要介绍静电纺丝 SNF 的基本原理、可用原材料和典型设备。然后，我们详细讨论了制备具有不同结构的SNF的策略，特别强调了新出现的三维SiO ₂纳米纤维气凝胶。我们继续关注SNF从脆性到柔性转变的重大突破以及实现其机械强化的方法。此外，我们还展示了静电纺丝 SNF 的最新应用，特别强调物理保护、医疗保健和水处理。最后，我们总结了这篇综述，并对静电纺丝纳米纤维的未来发展方向提出了一些看法。