Luminescent nanothermometry can precisely and remotely measure the internal temperature of objects at nanoscale precision, which, therefore, has been placed at the forefront of scientific attention. In particular, due to the high photochemical stability, low toxicity, rich working mechanisms, and superior thermometric performance, lanthanide-based ratiometric luminesencent thermometers are finding prevalent uses in integrated electronics and optoelectronics, property analysis of in-situ tracking, biomedical diagnosis and therapy, and wearable e-health monitoring. Despite recent progresses, it remains debate in terms of the underlying temperature-sensing mechanisms, the quantitative characterization of performance, and the reliability of temperature readouts. In this review, we show the origin of thermal response luminescence, rationalize the ratiometric scheme or thermometric mechanisms, delve into the problems in the characterization of thermometric performance, discuss the universal rules for the quantitative comparison, and showcase the cutting-edge design and emerging applications of lanthanide-based ratiometric thermometers. Finally, we cast a look at the challenges and emerging opportunities for further advances in this field.

发光纳米温度计可以以纳米级的精度精确远程测量物体的内部温度，因此已成为科学关注的前沿。特别是由于镧系元素的高光化学稳定性、低毒性、丰富的工作机制和优越的测温性能，镧系比率发光温度计在集成电子和光电子学、原位特性分析等领域得到广泛应用。跟踪、生物医学诊断和治疗以及可穿戴电子健康监测。尽管最近取得了进展，但在潜在的温度传感机制、性能的定量表征和温度读数的可靠性方面仍然存在争议。在这篇综述中，我们展示了热响应发光的起源，合理化了比率方案或测温机制，深入研究了测温性能表征中的问题，讨论了定量比较的通用规则，展示了前沿设计和新兴基于镧系元素的比率温度计的应用。最后，我们展望了该领域进一步发展的挑战和新机遇。