The G-quadruplex structure is crucial in several biological processes, including DNA replication, transcription, and genomic maintenance. G-quadruplex-based fluorescent probes have recently gained popularity because of their ease of use, low cost, excellent selectivity, and sensitivity. This review summarizes the latest applications of G-quadruplex structures as detectors of genome-wide, enantioselective catalysts, disease therapeutics, promising drug targets, and smart fluorescence probes. In every section, sensing of G-quadruplex and employing G4 for the detection of other analytes were introduced, respectively. Since the discovery of the G-quadruplex structure, several studies have been conducted to investigate its conformations, biological potential, stability, reactivity, selectivity for chemical modification, and optical properties. The formation mechanism and advancements for detecting different metal ions (Na⁺, K⁺, Ag⁺, Tl⁺, Cu⁺/Cu²⁺, Hg²⁺, and Pb²⁺) and biomolecules (AMP, ATP, DNA/RNA, microRNA, thrombin, T4 PNK, RNase H, ALP, CEA, lipocalin 1, and UDG) using fluorescent sensors based on G-quadruplex modification, such as dye labels, artificial nucleobase moieties, dye complexes, intercalating dyes, and bioconjugated nanomaterials (AgNCs, GO, QDs, CDs, and MOF) is described herein. To investigate these extremely efficient responsive agents for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in medicine, fluorescence sensors based on G-quadruplexes have also been employed as a quantitative visualization technique.

中文翻译：

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用于靶向金属离子和生物分析物的智能荧光传感器上 G-四联体结合配体和特定信标的最新进展

G-quadruplex 结构在几个生物过程中至关重要，包括 DNA 复制、转录和基因组维护。基于 G-quadruplex 的荧光探针最近因其易用性、低成本、出色的选择性和灵敏度而受到欢迎。这篇综述总结了 G-四链体结构作为全基因组检测器、对映选择性催化剂、疾病治疗、有前途的药物靶标和智能荧光探针的最新应用。在每一节中，分别介绍了 G-四联体的传感和使用 G4 检测其他分析物。自从发现 G-四链体结构以来，已经进行了几项研究来研究其构象、生物学潜力、稳定性、反应性、化学修饰的选择性和光学性质。⁺、K ⁺、Ag ⁺、Tl ⁺、Cu ⁺ /Cu ²⁺、Hg ²⁺和 Pb ²⁺ ) 和生物分子（AMP、ATP、DNA/RNA、microRNA、凝血酶、T4 PNK、RNase H、ALP、 CEA、脂质运载蛋白 1 和 UDG）使用基于 G-四联体修饰的荧光传感器，例如染料标记、人工核碱基部分、染料复合物、嵌入染料和生物共轭纳米材料（AgNC、GO、QD、CD 和 MOF）在此处。为了研究这些用于医学诊断和治疗应用的极其有效的响应剂，基于 G-四链体的荧光传感器也被用作定量可视化技术。