Seasonality plays a critical role in determining the yearly dietary variability of many nonhuman primates living in tropical and subtropical environments. Much previous research has emphasised the seasonal importance of both preferred resources-eaten whenever available-and fallback foods-eaten during periods of scarcity to compensate for an insufficient availability of preferred resources. However, previous discussions of this dichotomy have often overlooked why different populations of the same taxon may exhibit a different level of engagement with identical resources, especially those that require additional technological investment by virtue of being embedded. Similarly, not enough attention has been given to diachronic trends in the incorporation of novel resources to seasonal consumption patterns among non-human primates. In this paper, we present a systematic framework for understanding the spatio-temporal relationships between preferred and fallback resources, explicitly through the lens of landscape knowledge and seasonal fluctuations in quality and availability among chimpanzee communities. We argue it is the interplay between resource quality and the available knowledge pertaining to its exploitation that will determine the categorisation of a resource. In this regard, the accumulation of further information through encounter, experimentation, and behavioural (including technological( innovation enables resources with high nutritional potential to attain preferred status. We end with an exploration of the gradual consolidation of the hominin carnivory niche in the Early Pleistocene of East Africa, to demonstrate the utility of our framework-specifically the interplay between seasonality and the concept of landscape knowledge-for understanding behavioural change in the archaeological record.

中文翻译：

---

黑猩猩的季节性资源分类和行为适应：对早期人类食肉的影响。

季节性对于生活在热带和亚热带环境中的许多非人类灵长类动物的年度饮食变化起着至关重要的作用。先前的许多研究都强调了首选资源（只要有可用的时候就食用）和后备食物（在稀缺时期食用以补偿首选资源供应不足）的季节性重要性。然而，之前对这种二分法的讨论常常忽视了为什么同一分类单元的不同种群可能对相同资源表现出不同程度的参与，特别是那些因嵌入而需要额外技术投资的资源。同样，对于非人类灵长类动物将新资源纳入季节性消费模式的历时趋势也没有给予足够的关注。在本文中，我们提出了一个系统框架，用于明确通过景观知识以及黑猩猩群落质量和可用性的季节性波动来理解首选资源和后备资源之间的时空关系。我们认为，资源质量和与其开发相关的可用知识之间的相互作用将决定资源的分类。在这方面，通过接触、实验和行为（包括技术创新）积累更多信息，使具有高营养潜力的资源获得优先地位。我们最后探讨了早更新世古人类食肉生态位的逐渐巩固东非，展示我们的框架的实用性——特别是季节性和景观知识概念之间的相互作用——用于理解考古记录中的行为变化。