RNA molecules harbor diverse modifications that play important regulatory roles in a variety of biological processes. Over 150 modifications have been identified in RNA molecules. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and 1-methyladenosine (m1A) are prevalent modifications occurring in various RNA species of mammals. Apart from the single methylation of adenosine (m6A and m1A), dual methylation modification occurring in the nucleobase of adenosine, such as N6,N6-dimethyladenosine (m6,6A), also has been reported to be present in RNA of mammals. Whether there are other forms of dual methylation modification occurring in the nucleobase of adenosine other than m6,6A remains elusive. Here, we reported the existence of a novel adenosine dual methylation modification, i.e. 1,N6-dimethyladenosine (m1,6A), in tRNAs of living organisms. We confirmed that m1,6A is located at position 58 of tRNAs and is prevalent in mammalian cells and tissues. The measured level of m1,6A ranged from 0.0049% to 0.047% in tRNAs. Furthermore, we demonstrated that TRMT6/61A could catalyze the formation of m1,6A in tRNAs and m1,6A could be demethylated by ALKBH3. Collectively, the discovery of m1,6A expands the diversity of RNA modifications and may elicit a new tRNA modification-mediated gene regulation pathway.

中文翻译：

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哺乳动物转移 RNA 中 1,N6-二甲基腺苷的形成和去除。

RNA 分子具有多种修饰，这些修饰在各种生物过程中发挥着重要的调节作用。已在 RNA 分子中鉴定出超过 150 种修饰。N6-甲基腺苷 (m6A) 和 1-甲基腺苷 (m1A) 是哺乳动物的各种 RNA 物种中普遍存在的修饰。除了腺苷的单甲基化（m6A 和 m1A）外，据报道，在腺苷的核碱基中发生的双重甲基化修饰，例如 N6,N6-二甲基腺苷 (m6,6A)，也存在于哺乳动物的 RNA 中。除了 m6,6A 之外，腺苷的核碱基中是否存在其他形式的双重甲基化修饰仍然难以捉摸。在这里，我们报道了一种新的腺苷双甲基化修饰，即 1,N6-二甲基腺苷 (m1,6A) 在活生物体的 tRNA 中的存在。我们确认了 m1，图6A位于tRNA的第58位并且普遍存在于哺乳动物细胞和组织中。tRNA 中 m1,6A 的测量水平范围为 0.0049% 至 0.047%。此外，我们证明了 TRMT6/61A 可以催化 tRNA 中 m1,6A 的形成，并且 m1,6A 可以被 ALKBH3 去甲基化。总的来说，m1,6A 的发现扩大了 RNA 修饰的多样性，并可能引发新的 tRNA 修饰介导的基因调控途径。