Adenosine A₁ receptors (A₁R) are widely expressed in hippocampal pyramidal neurons and their presynaptic terminals. It is well known that endogenous adenosine regulates hippocampal function through the activation of A₁R in hippocampal pyramidal neurons and has been reported that blockade of A₁R induces stronger potentiation of excitatory synaptic transmission in CA2 pyramidal neurons than in CA1 pyramidal neurons. This strong potentiation of CA2 neurons is thought to be caused by the specific modulation of excitatory synaptic transmission through postsynaptic A₁R. However, the direct effects of A₁R on postsynaptic AMPA channels remain unknown because of the technical difficulties of patch-clamp recording from mature hippocampal CA2 neurons. We recorded synaptic currents from pyramidal neurons in CA1 and CA2 and analyzed the effects of an A₁R antagonist on stimulation-evoked synaptic transmission and local application-induced postsynaptic AMPA currents. The antagonist increased the amplitude of evoked synaptic transmission in neurons in both CA1 and CA2. This facilitation was larger in pyramidal neurons in CA2 than in CA1. The antagonist also increased postsynaptic AMPA currents in neurons in CA2 but not in CA1. This facilitation of CA2 AMPA currents was occluded by the intracellular application of a G-protein blocker. Even with the blockade of postsynaptic G-protein signaling, the A₁R antagonist increased evoked synaptic transmission in neurons in CA2. These results suggest that synaptic transmission in pyramidal neurons in CA2 is regulated by both presynaptic and postsynaptic A₁R. Moreover, A₁R regulate excitatory synaptic transmission in pyramidal neurons in CA2 through the characteristic postsynaptic modulation of AMPA currents.