慢性肾脏病 (CKD) 患者的死亡率主要是心血管疾病 (CVD) 的结果,鉴于 CKD 患病率的增加,这一点尤其令人担忧。先天免疫系统激活引发的无菌性炎症是 CKD 和相关 CVD 的重要驱动因素。几种内源性介质,包括脂蛋白、二氧化硅等晶体、尿酸盐和胆固醇晶体,或垂死细胞释放的化合物,与在各种不同细胞类型上表达的模式识别受体相互作用,导致促炎细胞因子的释放。由损伤相关分子模式引起的造血系统调节紊乱,或由于克隆造血或训练有素的先天免疫,也有助于炎症的发展。在观察性和遗传关联研究中,炎症与 CKD 和心血管事件的进展有关。2017 年,canakinumab 的 CANTOS 试验提供的证据表明,抑制由 NLRP3–IL-1–IL-6 介导的信号驱动的炎症可显着降低患有和不患有 CKD 的个体的心血管事件发生率。目前正在研究针对先天免疫通路的其他方法,以了解它们在动脉粥样硬化和 3 期和 4 期 CKD 患者中减少心血管事件和减缓疾病进展的能力。本综述总结了目前对炎症在 CKD 及其相关 CVD 发病机制中的作用的理解,以及这些知识如何转化为新疗法。canakinumab 的 CANTOS 试验提供的证据表明,抑制由 NLRP3–IL-1–IL-6 介导的信号驱动的炎症可显着降低患有和不患有 CKD 的个体的心血管事件发生率。目前正在研究针对先天免疫通路的其他方法,以了解它们在动脉粥样硬化和 3 期和 4 期 CKD 患者中减少心血管事件和减缓疾病进展的能力。本综述总结了目前对炎症在 CKD 及其相关 CVD 发病机制中的作用的理解,以及这些知识如何转化为新疗法。canakinumab 的 CANTOS 试验提供的证据表明,抑制由 NLRP3–IL-1–IL-6 介导的信号驱动的炎症可显着降低患有和不患有 CKD 的个体的心血管事件发生率。目前正在研究针对先天免疫通路的其他方法,以了解它们在动脉粥样硬化和 3 期和 4 期 CKD 患者中减少心血管事件和减缓疾病进展的能力。本综述总结了目前对炎症在 CKD 及其相关 CVD 发病机制中的作用的理解,以及这些知识如何转化为新疗法。目前正在研究针对先天免疫通路的其他方法,以了解它们在动脉粥样硬化和 3 期和 4 期 CKD 患者中减少心血管事件和减缓疾病进展的能力。本综述总结了目前对炎症在 CKD 及其相关 CVD 发病机制中的作用的理解,以及这些知识如何转化为新疗法。目前正在研究针对先天免疫通路的其他方法,以了解它们在动脉粥样硬化和 3 期和 4 期 CKD 患者中减少心血管事件和减缓疾病进展的能力。本综述总结了目前对炎症在 CKD 及其相关 CVD 发病机制中的作用的理解,以及这些知识如何转化为新疗法。
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Targeting innate immunity-driven inflammation in CKD and cardiovascular disease
Mortality among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is largely a consequence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is a particular concern given the increasing prevalence of CKD. Sterile inflammation triggered by activation of the innate immune system is an important driver of both CKD and associated CVD. Several endogenous mediators, including lipoproteins, crystals such as silica, urate and cholesterol crystals, or compounds released from dying cells interact with pattern recognition receptors expressed on a variety of different cell types, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Disturbed regulation of the haematopoietic system by damage-associated molecular patterns, or as a consequence of clonal haematopoiesis or trained innate immunity, also contributes to the development of inflammation. In observational and genetic association studies, inflammation is linked to the progression of CKD and cardiovascular events. In 2017, the CANTOS trial of canakinumab provided evidence that inhibiting inflammation driven by NLRP3–IL-1–IL-6-mediated signalling significantly reduced cardiovascular event rates in individuals with and without CKD. Other approaches to target innate immune pathways are now under investigation for their ability to reduce cardiovascular events and slow disease progression among patients with atherosclerosis and stage 3 and 4 CKD. This Review summarizes current understanding of the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of CKD and its associated CVD, and how this knowledge may translate into novel therapeutics.