ABSTRACT

Goal setting is widely applied in sport. Whereas existing reviews have addressed the performance effects of goal setting, less is known about the concurrent psychological and psychophysiological effects. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis that synthesised the effects of goal setting on task performance and various psychological and psychophysiological outcomes in sport. Searches returned 17,841 articles, with 27 meeting eligibility criteria. A meta-analysis of the performance effects and a narrative synthesis of the psychological and psychophysiological effects were undertaken. Process goals had the largest effect on performance (d = 1.36) compared to performance goals (d = 0.44) and outcome goals (d = 0.09). No significant difference in performance was found between specific (d = 0.37) and non-specific goals (d = 0.72). Process goals also had large effects on self-efficacy (d = 1.11), whereas studies guided by self-regulation theory (k = 5) produced the greatest performance enhancements (d = 1.53). It was rarely possible to draw conclusions regarding the effects of goal setting on psychological/psychophysiological outcomes due to a lack of cross study evidence. Nevertheless, these findings provide important insights to guide research and practice on the use of goal setting to enhance performance and psychological/psychophysiological outcomes in sport.

摘要

目标设定在体育运动中得到广泛应用。尽管现有的评论已经解决了目标设定的绩效影响，但对同时存在的心理和心理生理影响知之甚少。因此，我们进行了系统回顾和荟萃分析，综合了目标设定对任务表现的影响以及运动中的各种心理和心理生理结果。搜索返回 17,841 篇文章，其中 27 篇符合资格标准。对表演效果进行了荟萃分析，并对心理和心理生理效果进行了叙述性综合。与绩效目标 ( d  = 0.44) 和结果目标 ( d  ) 相比，过程目标对绩效 ( d = 1.36) 的影响最大 = 0.09)。特定目标（ d  = 0.37）和非特定目标（d  = 0.72）之间的绩效没有显着差异。过程目标对自我效能也有很大影响（d = 1.11），而以自我调节理论（k  = 5）为指导的研究产生了最大的绩效提升（d  = 1.53）。由于缺乏交叉研究证据，很难就目标设定对心理/心理生理结果的影响得出结论。然而，这些发现提供了重要的见解，以指导研究和实践使用目标设定来提高运动表现和心理/心理生理结果。