Thromboembolism is the third leading vascular disease, with a high annual incidence of 1 to 2 cases per 1000 individuals within the general population. The broader term venous thromboembolism generally refers to deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and/or a combination of both. Therefore, thromboembolism can affect both – the central and peripheral veins. Arterial thromboembolism causes systemic ischemia by disturbing blood flow and oxygen supply to organs, tissues, and cells causing, therefore, apoptosis and/or necrosis in the affected tissues. Currently applied antithrombotic drugs used, e.g. to protect affected individuals against ischemic stroke, demonstrate significant limitations. For example, platelet inhibitors possess only moderate efficacy. On the other hand, thrombolytics and anticoagulants significantly increase hemorrhage. Contextually, new approaches are extensively under consideration to develop next-generation antithrombotics with improved efficacy and more personalized and targeted application. To this end, phytochemicals show potent antithrombotic efficacy demonstrated in numerous in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models as well as in clinical evaluations conducted on healthy individuals and persons at high risk of thrombotic events, such as pregnant women (primary care), cancer, and COVID-19-affected patients (secondary and tertiary care). Here, we hypothesized that specific antithrombotic and antiplatelet effects of plant-derived compounds might be of great clinical utility in primary, secondary, and tertiary care. To increase the efficacy, precise patient stratification based on predictive diagnostics is essential for targeted protection and treatments tailored to the person in the framework of 3P medicine. Contextually, this paper aims at critical review toward the involvement of specific classes of phytochemicals in antiplatelet and anticoagulation adapted to clinical needs. The paper exemplifies selected plant-derived drugs, plant extracts, and whole plant foods/herbs demonstrating their specific antithrombotic, antiplatelet, and fibrinolytic activities relevant for primary, secondary, and tertiary care. One of the examples considered is antithrombotic and antiplatelet protection specifically relevant for COVID-19-affected patient groups.

血栓栓塞是第三大血管疾病，一般人群中每年每 1000 人中有 1 至 2 例血栓栓塞。更广泛的术语静脉血栓栓塞通常指深静脉血栓形成、肺栓塞和/或两者的组合。因此，血栓栓塞会影响中央静脉和外周静脉。动脉血栓栓塞通过扰乱器官、组织和细胞的血流和供氧而导致全身缺血，从而导致受影响组织的细胞凋亡和/或坏死。目前所使用的抗血栓药物，例如用于保护受影响个体免遭缺血性中风的药物，显示出显着的局限性。例如，血小板抑制剂仅具有中等功效。另一方面，溶栓剂和抗凝剂显着增加出血。从背景上看，人们正在广泛考虑新方法来开发下一代抗血栓药物，以提高疗效以及更加个性化和有针对性的应用。为此，植物化学物质显示出强大的抗血栓功效，在许多体外、离体和体内模型以及对健康个体和血栓事件高风险人群（例如孕妇（初级保健）、癌症和受 COVID-19 影响的患者（二级和三级护理）。在这里，我们假设植物源化合物的特定抗血栓和抗血小板作用可能在初级、二级和三级护理中具有巨大的临床实用性。为了提高疗效，基于预测诊断的精确患者分层对于在 3P 医学框架内针对个人进行针对性保护和治疗至关重要。 从上下文来看，本文旨在对特定类别的植物化学物质在抗血小板和抗凝作用中的参与进行严格审查，以适应临床需求。本文举例说明了选定的植物源药物、植物提取物和全植物食品/草药，展示了它们与初级、二级和三级护理相关的特定抗血栓、抗血小板和纤溶活性。考虑的例子之一是与受 COVID-19 影响的患者群体特别相关的抗血栓和抗血小板保护。