The overarching goal of this design-based research is to develop and evaluate a set of design principles for a fully online flipped classroom to support students' learning outcomes, behavioural, emotional, and cognitive engagement. In a fully online flipped classroom, students are encouraged to complete online pre-class activities asynchronously. But unlike in the conventional flipped approach, students do not subsequently meet face-to-face in classrooms, but rather online synchronously. The testbed involved a conventional flipped class (Cycle 0), a fully online flipped class (Cycle 1), and a refined fully online flipped class (Cycle 2). The results showed that although all three groups of students performed equally well in learning, the refined online flipped model was more effective in supporting students' behavioural engagement in the synchronous online class sessions than the online flipped model. This study contributes to the extant literature by explicating the design principles that support student engagement in fully online flipped learning.

这项基于设计的研究的首要目标是开发和评估一套完全在线的设计原则翻转课堂支持学生的学习成果、行为、情感和认知参与。在完全在线的翻转课堂中，鼓励学生异步完成在线课前活动。但与传统的翻转方法不同，学生随后不会在课堂上面对面，而是同步在线。测试平台包括一个传统的翻转课程（循环 0）、一个完全在线的翻转课程（循环 1）和一个精致的完全在线翻转课程（循环 2）。结果表明，尽管所有三组学生的学习表现都一样好，但改进的在线翻转模型在支持学生在同步在线课堂中的行为参与方面比在线翻转模型更有效。