转移性恶性黑色素瘤是最致命的皮肤癌,其特点是对细胞凋亡具有高度抵抗力。主要的黑色素瘤驱动突变是 ERK 通路的一部分,其中 BRAF 突变是最常见的突变,其次是 NRAS、NF1 和 MEK 突变。越来越多的证据表明 MST2/Hippo 通路在黑色素瘤中也失调。虽然突变很少见,但黑色素瘤中 MST2/Hippo 通路核心蛋白的表达水平通常失调。肿瘤抑制因子 RASSF1A(MST2 通路的真正激活剂)的表达在超过一半的黑色素瘤中被启动子甲基化沉默,并与不良预后相关。在这里,使用基于质谱的相互作用蛋白质组学,我们确定了第二线粒体衍生的半胱天冬酶激活剂(SMAC)作为一种新型的 LATS1 相互作用剂。我们发现,MST2 通路的 RASSF1A 依赖性激活促进了 LATS1-SMAC 相互作用,并负向调节 IAP 家族成员介导的抗凋亡信号。此外,蛋白质组学实验还发现了一组与 SMAC 和 LATS1 结合的常见凋亡调节因子。机理分析表明,LATS1-SMAC 复合物促进 XIAP 泛素化及其随后的降解,最终导致细胞凋亡。重要的是,我们发现致癌的 BRAF V600E突变体阻止了 LATS1-SMAC 复合物介导的促凋亡信号,而用 BRAF 抑制剂处理黑色素瘤细胞系则促进了该复合物的形成,表明抑制 LATS1-SMAC 可能是 BRAF 所必需的。 V600E驱动的黑色素瘤。 最后,我们发现 LATS1-SMAC 相互作用受到 SMAC 模拟 Birinapant 的调节,这需要 C-IAP1 抑制和 XIAP 降解,这表明 MST2 途径是 Birinapant 作用机制的一部分。总体而言,目前的工作表明,SMAC依赖性细胞凋亡受到LATS1肿瘤抑制因子的调节,并支持LATS1是调节MST2通路、凋亡网络和ERK通路之间串扰的信号中枢的观点。
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Interaction of LATS1 with SMAC links the MST2/Hippo pathway with apoptosis in an IAP-dependent manner
Metastatic malignant melanoma is the deadliest skin cancer, and it is characterised by its high resistance to apoptosis. The main melanoma driving mutations are part of ERK pathway, with BRAF mutations being the most frequent ones, followed by NRAS, NF1 and MEK mutations. Increasing evidence shows that the MST2/Hippo pathway is also deregulated in melanoma. While mutations are rare, MST2/Hippo pathway core proteins expression levels are often dysregulated in melanoma. The expression of the tumour suppressor RASSF1A, a bona fide activator of the MST2 pathway, is silenced by promoter methylation in over half of melanomas and correlates with poor prognosis. Here, using mass spectrometry-based interaction proteomics we identified the Second Mitochondria-derived Activator of Caspases (SMAC) as a novel LATS1 interactor. We show that RASSF1A-dependent activation of the MST2 pathway promotes LATS1-SMAC interaction and negatively regulates the antiapoptotic signal mediated by the members of the IAP family. Moreover, proteomic experiments identified a common cluster of apoptotic regulators that bind to SMAC and LATS1. Mechanistic analysis shows that the LATS1-SMAC complex promotes XIAP ubiquitination and its subsequent degradation which ultimately results in apoptosis. Importantly, we show that the oncogenic BRAFV600E mutant prevents the proapoptotic signal mediated by the LATS1-SMAC complex while treatment of melanoma cell lines with BRAF inhibitors promotes the formation of this complex, indicating that inhibition of the LATS1-SMAC might be necessary for BRAFV600E-driven melanoma. Finally, we show that LATS1-SMAC interaction is regulated by the SMAC mimetic Birinapant, which requires C-IAP1 inhibition and the degradation of XIAP, suggesting that the MST2 pathway is part of the mechanism of action of Birinapant. Overall, the current work shows that SMAC-dependent apoptosis is regulated by the LATS1 tumour suppressor and supports the idea that LATS1 is a signalling hub that regulates the crosstalk between the MST2 pathway, the apoptotic network and the ERK pathway.