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Prediction of curing kinetics of resorcinol-added resole phenolic resins using differential scanning calorimetry for the fabrication of carbon/carbon composites
Journal of Applied Polymer Science ( IF 2.7 ) Pub Date : 2022-08-01 , DOI: 10.1002/app.52949 Jose C. Cordeiro 1 , Rachel E. Davis 1 , Hema Ramsurn 1 , Daniel W. Crunkleton 1 , Todd P. Otanicar 2 , Michael W. Keller 3
Journal of Applied Polymer Science ( IF 2.7 ) Pub Date : 2022-08-01 , DOI: 10.1002/app.52949 Jose C. Cordeiro 1 , Rachel E. Davis 1 , Hema Ramsurn 1 , Daniel W. Crunkleton 1 , Todd P. Otanicar 2 , Michael W. Keller 3
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Phenolic resins are commonly used as carbon precursors for the fabrication of carbon/carbon composites due to their high carbon yield and aromatic nature. To decrease curing times, acid catalysts are generally used, but the addition of resorcinol was found to have a similar effect while being incorporated into the resin matrix with no contamination or corrosion issues. In this work, the curing kinetics of pure, 10, 20, and 30 wt% resorcinol-added phenolic resins were investigated through differential scanning calorimetry. Heating rates of 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5°C min−1 were used with several curing models to predict isothermal curing. Averaged mean absolute error (MAE) for the isoconversional mathematical approaches namely Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (MAE = 12.9 min), Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (15.8 min), and Vyazovkin (14 min) show that these methods provide the best predictions, attributed to their adoption of an activation energy that depends on the extent of cure (Ea (α)). The Kissinger method (MAE = 36 min), which depends only on peak temperature with a constant activation energy assumption, and the data noise sensitive Friedman model (MAE = 1144.7 min) provide the least accurate results. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that resorcinol decreases the curing times by up to 71% without lowering carbon yield.
中文翻译：
使用差示扫描量热法预测添加间苯二酚的甲阶酚醛树脂的固化动力学以制备碳/碳复合材料
酚醛树脂由于其高碳产率和芳烃性质，通常用作制造碳/碳复合材料的碳前体。为了缩短固化时间，通常使用酸催化剂，但发现添加间苯二酚具有相似的效果，同时结合到树脂基质中，没有污染或腐蚀问题。在这项工作中，通过差示扫描量热法研究了纯、10、20 和 30 wt% 添加间苯二酚的酚醛树脂的固化动力学。加热速率为 0.5、1、2.5 和 5°C min -1与几种固化模型一起使用来预测等温固化。等转换数学方法的平均平均绝对误差 (MAE)，即 Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (MAE = 12.9 min)、Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (15.8 min) 和 Vyazovkin (14 min) 表明这些方法提供了最好的预测，归因于他们采用了取决于固化程度的活化能 ( E a ( α ))。基辛格方法 (MAE = 36 分钟) 仅取决于具有恒定活化能假设的峰值温度，而对数据噪声敏感的弗里德曼模型 (MAE = 1144.7 分钟) 提供的结果最不准确。热重分析表明，间苯二酚可将固化时间缩短多达 71%，而不会降低碳产率。
更新日期：2022-08-01
中文翻译：
使用差示扫描量热法预测添加间苯二酚的甲阶酚醛树脂的固化动力学以制备碳/碳复合材料
酚醛树脂由于其高碳产率和芳烃性质，通常用作制造碳/碳复合材料的碳前体。为了缩短固化时间，通常使用酸催化剂，但发现添加间苯二酚具有相似的效果，同时结合到树脂基质中，没有污染或腐蚀问题。在这项工作中，通过差示扫描量热法研究了纯、10、20 和 30 wt% 添加间苯二酚的酚醛树脂的固化动力学。加热速率为 0.5、1、2.5 和 5°C min -1与几种固化模型一起使用来预测等温固化。等转换数学方法的平均平均绝对误差 (MAE)，即 Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (MAE = 12.9 min)、Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (15.8 min) 和 Vyazovkin (14 min) 表明这些方法提供了最好的预测，归因于他们采用了取决于固化程度的活化能 ( E a ( α ))。基辛格方法 (MAE = 36 分钟) 仅取决于具有恒定活化能假设的峰值温度，而对数据噪声敏感的弗里德曼模型 (MAE = 1144.7 分钟) 提供的结果最不准确。热重分析表明，间苯二酚可将固化时间缩短多达 71%，而不会降低碳产率。
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