微橡胶 (MR) 包含所有与轮胎相关的微观颗粒,最近作为更广泛的微塑料组的一个子类引起了越来越多的关注。自从引入汽车橡胶轮胎以来,虽然轮胎颗粒进入环境,但关于轮胎磨损颗粒 (TWP) 作为环境污染物的担忧相对较新。最近的研究已经检查了 MR 颗粒和渗滤液对各种生物体的物理和化学毒性。然而,缺乏关于在现实环境条件下轮胎颗粒暴露的长期影响的信息。目前的研究检查了橡胶屑 (CR) 颗粒对河口鱼类 mummichog ( Fundulus heteroclitus ) 的慢性毒性。) 在环境相关浓度的偶发暴露下。对鱼鳃、肠和肝脏进行免疫组织化学 (IHC) 以评估这些器官中的 CYP1A 诱导。测量胆汁荧光作为暴露于来自 CR 的多环芳烃 (PAH) 的指标。DNA 损伤通过 8-羟基-2'-脱氧鸟苷 (8-OHdG) 的形成以及脂质过氧化 (TBARS 测定)、游离谷胱甘肽 (GSH) 和氧化谷胱甘肽 (GSSG) 浓度等其他氧化应激测量来测量。在鳃、肠和肝脏中观察到 CYP1A 的上调,特别是在鳃丝和一般脉管系统中。增加的胆汁荧光表明暴露于芳香族化合物,尤其是芘样 PAH。DNA 损伤的数据表明,由于 DNA 修复增加,血浆 8-OHdG 浓度更高。在较高浓度的 CR 下,丙二醛 (MDA) 产生减少,总 GSH 增加。似乎在长期重复给药下,mummichog 中的抗氧化系统被上调以应对 CR 颗粒释放的外源性压力源。综合起来,这些数据表明,在环境相关的 CR 浓度下,暴露于轮胎碎橡胶颗粒的鱼会产生显着的生物标志物反应,但诱导的抗氧化和解毒途径可以防止死亡和严重的生理影响 mummichog 中的抗氧化系统被上调以应对 CR 颗粒释放的外源性压力源。综合起来,这些数据表明,在环境相关的 CR 浓度下,暴露于轮胎碎橡胶颗粒的鱼会产生显着的生物标志物反应,但诱导的抗氧化和解毒途径可以防止死亡和严重的生理影响 mummichog 中的抗氧化系统被上调以应对 CR 颗粒释放的外源性压力源。综合起来,这些数据表明,在环境相关的 CR 浓度下,暴露于轮胎碎橡胶颗粒的鱼会产生显着的生物标志物反应,但诱导的抗氧化和解毒途径可以防止死亡和严重的生理影响F. heteroclitus当暴露于环境相关浓度的 CR 时。
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Chronic toxicity of tire crumb rubber particles to mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) in episodic exposures
Microrubber (MR) encompasses all tire-related particles in the micro-scale and has recently drawn increased attention as a subclass of the broader group of microplastics. While tire particles entered the environment since the introduction of rubber tires for vehicles, the concern regarding tire wear particles (TWP) as an environmental contaminant is relatively new. Recent studies have examined physical and chemical toxicity of MR particles and leachates to a variety of organisms. However, there is a lack of information on the long-term effects of tire particle exposure under environmentally realistic conditions. The current study examined the chronic toxicity of crumb rubber (CR) particles to the estuarine fish species, mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) under episodic exposures at environmentally relevant concentrations. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) of fish gill, intestine, and liver was performed to assess CYP1A induction in these organs. Bile fluorescence was measured as an indicator of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from CR. DNA damage was measured through the formation of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) together with other oxidative stress measures as lipid peroxidation (TBARS assay), free glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) concentrations. Upregulation of CYP1A in gill, intestine, and liver was observed especially in gill filaments and general vasculature. Increased bile fluorescence demonstrated exposure to aromatic compounds, especially pyrene-like PAHs. Data for DNA damage indicated greater plasma 8-OHdG concentrations as a result of increased DNA repair. There was a decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) production and an increase in total GSH at higher concentrations of CR. It appeared that under long-term repeated dosing, antioxidant systems in mummichog were upregulated to deal with exogenous stressors released by the CR particles. Combined, these data demonstrate that fish exposed to tire crumb rubber particles illicit significant biomarker responses under environmentally relevant CR concentrations, but induced antioxidant and detoxification pathways may prevent mortality and serious physiological effects in F. heteroclitus when exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of CR.